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Ink
An ink is a
liquid containing various
pigments and/or
dyes used for coloring a surface to produce an
image,
text, or
design. Ink is used for drawing and/or writing with
a
pen,
brush or
quill. Thicker inks, in paste form, are used
extensively in
letterpress and
lithographic
printing.
Ink is a complex medium consisting of comprising
solvents, pigments, dyes, resins, lubricants,
solubilizers,
surfactants, particulate matter, fluorescers, and
other materials. The components of inks serve many
purposes; the ink’s carrier, colorants, and other
additives are used to control flow, thickness, and
appearance of the ink when
dry.
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Types of ink
Early varieties include
Egyptian ink, various natural dyes made from metals,
the husk or outer covering of beans or seeds, and sea
creatures like the
cuttlefish (known as
sepia).
India ink is black and originated in
Asia.
Iron gall ink was used by many of the
old masters for drawing.
Walnut ink is erroneously thought to have also been
used by
old masters, however, there is no proof of this.
Walnut inks, if they were used, would have faded fairly
quickly and would therefore be unsuitable.
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Pigmented inks
Pigmented inks contain other agents that ensure
adhesion of the pigment to the surface and prevent
it from being removed by mechanical
abrasion. These materials are typically referred to
as
resins (in solvent-based inks) or
binding agents (in water-based inks).
Because pigmented inks stay on the surface of paper,
less ink is needed to create the same intensity of color
as with dye-based inks. Pigmented inks also tend to be
more resistant to washing out. For this reason these
inks are frequently recommended for applications where
erasure is undesirable.
Gel inks are particularly resistant to erasure and
frequently bear recommendations from
forgery experts.
The particle size of the pigment is very important
for the ability to diffuse in the solution inks.
Qualities such as
hue,
saturation, and brightness or
lightness are inherent in the ink, and vary
depending on the source and type of
pigment.
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Dyes in inks
Dye-based inks are generally much stronger than
pigment-based inks and can produce much more color of a
given density per unit of mass.
Liquid is one of the principal
states of matter. A liquid is a
fluid that has the particles loose and can freely
form a distinct surface at the boundaries of its bulk
material. The surface is a
free surface where the liquid is not constrained by
a container.[1]
Characteristics
A liquid's shape is confined to, not determined by,
the container it fills. That is to say, liquid particles
(normally
molecules or clusters of molecules) are free to move
about the volume, but they form a discrete surface that
may not necessarily be the same as the vessel. The same
cannot be said about a
gas; it can also be considered a fluid, but it
must conform to the shape of the container entirely.
At a temperature below the
boiling point, a liquid will evaporate until, if in
a closed container, the concentration of the vapors
belonging to the liquid reach an equilibrium
partial pressure in the gas. Therefore no liquid can
exist permanently in a complete
vacuum. The surface of the liquid behaves as an
elastic membrane in which
surface tension appears, allowing the formation of
drops and
bubbles.
Capillarity is another consequence of
surface tension. Only liquids can display
immiscibility. The most familiar mixture of two
immiscible liquids in everyday life is the
vegetable oil and
water in Italian salad dressing. A familiar set of
miscible liquids is water and alcohol. Only liquids
display
wetting properties. Liquids at their respective
boiling point change to
gases (except when
superheating occurs), and at their
freezing points, change to
solids (except when
supercooling occurs). Even below the boiling point
liquid
evaporates on the surface. Objects immersed in
liquids are subject to the phenomenon of
buoyancy, which is also observed in other fluids,
but is especially strong in liquids due to their high
density. Liquid components in a mixture can often be
separated from one another via
fractional distillation.
The
volume of a quantity of liquid is fixed by its
temperature and
pressure.
There are five main states of matter. Solids, liquids,
gases, plasmas, and Bose-Einstein condensates are all
different states of matter. Each of these states is also
known as a phase. Elements and compounds can move from
one phase to another phase when special physical
forces are present. One example of those forces
is temperature. The phase or state of matter can change
when the temperature changes. Generally, as the
temperature rises, matter moves to a more active state.
Phase describes a physical state of matter. The key word
to notice is physical. Things only move from one phase
to another by physical means. If energy is added (like
increasing the temperature or increasing pressure) or if
energy is taken away (like freezing something or
decreasing pressure) you have created a physical change.
One compound or element can move from phase to phase,
but still be the same substance. You can see water
vapor over a boiling pot of water. That
vapor (or gas) can condense and become
a drop of water. If you put that drop in the freezer, it
would become a solid. No matter what phase it was in, it
was always water. It always had the same chemical
properties. On the other hand, a chemical change would
change the way the water acted, eventually making it not
water, but something completely new.
Are you a Gmail, Facebook, Campfire or Pandora
fanatic? Do you have 20 or more browser tabs open at all
times? Are you tired of some random site or Flash ad
crashing your browser and causing you to lose your (say)
Google Docs data in another tab?
If so, Site Specific Browsers (SSBs) provide a great
solution for your WebApp woes. Using Fluid, you can
create SSBs to run each of your favorite WebApps as a
separate Cocoa desktop application. Fluid gives any
WebApp a home on your Mac OS X desktop complete with
Dock icon, standard menu bar, logical separation from
your other web browsing activity, and many, many
other goodies.
Fluid includes Tabbed Browsing, built-in
Userscripting (aka
Greasemonkey), URL pattern matching for browsing
whitelists and blacklists, bookmarks, auto-software
updates via the
Sparkle Update framework, custom SSB icons, a
JavaScript API for showing Dock badges,
Growl
notifications, and Dock menu items, and more.
The Fluid Thumbnail Plug-in allows you to browse the
web with CoverFlow or iPhoto-like thumbnail previews for
links on the current page. Watch the screencast in the
sidebar on the right to see the Thumbnail Plug-in in
action. How
does the Thumbnail Plug-in know how to find the links on
the current page from which to make the thumbnails?
Simple... Use CSS selectors to select links or images
for a given URL pattern (like *google.com*).
Add CoverFlow support for your own site with a simple
CSS selector!
How does Fluid work?
Fluid itself is a very small application. When
launched, Fluid displays a little tiny window where you
specify the URL of a WebApp you'd like to run in a Site
Specific Browser. Provide an application name, specify a
Location and an
Icon, click 'Create' and you'll be prompted to
launch the new native Mac app you've just created.
Use Fluid to run YouTube, GTalk, Flickr, Basecamp,
Delicious, .Mac webmail, or any other WebApp as
a separate Mac desktop application.
(Shown here: Fluid,
Campfire,
Flickr,
Fluther,
Gmail,
FriendFeed,
github,
Google Reader,
Yahoo! Messenger,
Muxtape,
Tumblr,
YouTube)
Anytime you click a link to another site in an SSB,
the link is opened in your system default web browser,
keeping your SSB dedicated to the original site you've
specified.
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