The Race Face Atlas Crankset is a strong yet lightweight cransket that is versatile crankset that is great for everything from aggressive XC to all mountain riding.
Crank arms are near net forged and fully CNC-machined from 7075 aluminum
Includes X-Type BB spindle and external cups
No special installation tools required
BB cups are forged and machined from 7075 aluminum
Butted and heat-treated NiCrMo BB spindle with steel hardware
The Ultegra SL Front Derailleur is a lightweight and smooth shifting derailleur that features Shimano's unique ice grey finish that gives you a weight saving of over 70 grams compared to the regular Ultegra package.
The Racer X Ti is the weapon of choice for many XC riders whether they are racing or out carving through epic single-track the Racer X Ti is ready to fly.The shaped 3Al/2.5V titanium main triangle provides the ultimatecombination of durability and weight savings. And it's patented FSR rearsuspension allows for constant acceleration and nimble handling whilesmoothing out the most challenging terrain. The Titus carbon seatstay,hydro-formed chainstay and carbon rockers combine to deliver one of thelightest yet stiffest rear ends in full-suspension today.
Seamless 3Al/2.5V titanium front triangle
Hand-crafted in Tempe, Arizona
Custom tuned Fox RP23 provides100mm of rear wheel travel
The Motolite Ti is a quick and agile bike that is light, strong, durable in part thanks to it's titanium construction and Titus's meticulous pursuit of perfection. The titanium Motolite is riddled with innovation; with multiple, oversized bearings in the main pivot keeps the rear suspension from developing power-robbing play and carbon rockers keeps the rear end tracking straight and true.
Hand-crafted in the USA at Titus's Tempe, Arizona headquarters
The Fireline is a classically inspired hardtail, it is lightweight yet rigid, giving you a ride that is comfortable without compromising performance and efficiency.
The Fireline Ti EXO is a lightweight yet stiff bike thanks to it's revolutionary Exogrid construction, which combines the strengths of advanced composites and traditional metals into one strong frame.
Patented Exogrid titanium/carbon fiber frame
S-Bend seatatay and chainstay
Convertible, geared/horizontal dropouts
Made In USA
Exogrid is an exciting patented technology (US Pat. No. 6,896,006) that combines the best attributes of advanced composites with those of traditional metals. Exogrid structures start with a base metal (such as titanium or steel) structure that then has a major portion of the surface area removed through advanced techniques, such as laser machining. The resulting lightweight metal shell is then fused (using the company’s patented Bi/Fusion™ Technology) with an advanced composite inner structure molded during a secondary process using elevated temperature and pressure.
Because of the characteristics of the different materials, multi-material Exogrid structures are lighter than their pure metal counterparts and have significantly improved performance in both bending and torsion. Multi-material Exogrid structures also possess unique vibration damping qualities due to the dissimilar natural frequencies of the fiber based composites and base metals.
The Fireline Steel EXO is a lightweight yet stiff bike thanks to it'srevolutionary Exogrid construction, which combines the strengths ofadvanced Carbon Fiber composites and steel into one smooth riding frame.
Patented Exogrid steel/carbon fiber frame featuring a True Temper OX Platinum tube set
S-Bend seatatay and chainstay
Made In USA
Exogrid is an exciting patented technology (US Pat. No. 6,896,006) thatcombines the best attributes of advanced composites with those oftraditional metals. Exogrid structures start with a base metal (such astitanium or steel) structure that then has a major portion of thesurface area removed through advanced techniques, such as lasermachining. The resulting lightweight metal shell is then fused (usingthe company’s patented Bi/Fusion™ Technology) with an advancedcomposite inner structure molded during a secondary process usingelevated temperature and pressure.
Becauseof the characteristics of the different materials, multi-materialExogrid structures are lighter than their pure metal counterparts andhave significantly improved performance in both bending and torsion.Multi-material Exogrid structures also possess unique vibration dampingqualities due to the dissimilar natural frequencies of the fiber basedcomposites and base metals.
The Racer X is a nimble bike that takes full advantage of it's fully active Horst Link suspension system, giving you a ride with superior bumper performance and maximum control and efficiency.
Optimized 6069 aluminum front triangle
Carbon fiber seat-stay with Hydro-formed chain-stay
The Titus X Carbon is a responsive bike that is stiff, yet forgiving thanks to its Carbon Fiber construction, which allow Titus to optimize it for performance without a sacrifice in comfort.
One piece, monocoque front triangle constructed of high and intermediate modulus, carbon fiber with new carbon main pivot/ bottom bracket and integrated head tub
Light Rail System featuring asymmetrical, hydro-formed chainstays; one-piece carbon fiber seatstay with forged and machined dropouts; one-piece compression molded carbon fiber X-Link
105mm of rear wheel travel
Four oversized, sealed main pivot bearings
Fox Float RP23 w/ three position Pro Pedal, custom tuned
The Titus X Ti is a smooth bike that was built with performance, comfort and efficiency in mind, it meets these goals thanks in part to it's titanium construction, allowing for a stiff yet forgiving frame.
Aerospace-grade, seamless 3Al/2.5V titanium front triangle
Light Rail System featuring asymmetrical, hydro-formed chainstays; onepiece carbon fiber seatstay with forged and machined dropouts; one-piece compression molded carbon fiber X-Link
105mm of rear wheel travel
Three oversized, sealed main pivot bearings
Fox Float RP23 with three position Pro Pedal, custom tuned
Titanium alloys offer the greatest combination of physical, mechanical and chemical properties to yield a frame with the best combination of durability, ride quality, stiffness and weight.
The density of titanium is nearly twice that of aluminum (though aluminum is the weaker of the two metals), but only 56% the density of steel. The stiffness of titanium is also about half that of steel. It therefore follows that the stiffness-to-weight ratio of the two metals is nearly the same. In English this means that titanium is nearly as strong as, but is lighter than steel.
Titanium is extremely resistant to corrosion. This property has lead to titanium’s use as storage containers for caustic materials in the chemical industry. This means that all the salty roads, messy mud and stream crossing you ride over or through will not rust your bicycle, ever. Titanium frames are lifetime frames.
The Motolite is a fun to ride trail bike that offers great performance and effiecney, thanks in part to it's Fox fueled Horst Link Suspension system that allows you to power through small bumps with ease.
Optimized, 6069 aluminum front triangle
Carbon fiber seat-stay with Hydro-formed chain-stay
Compression molded, carbon fiber rocker
Four oversized sealed main pivot bearings
Dual rate/dual travel suspension allows for 127mm or 100mm of rear wheel travel
The BMC SLC01 Pro Machine frame uses only unidirectional carbon fiber material together with BMC's Multi-Mould System to make a stiff and lightweight frame that is still comfortable to ride.
The BMC SLT01 Team Machine is a legendary frame that provides uncompromising power transmission and outstanding handling characteristics. Owing to the combination of specifically optimized carbon tubing, high-quality aluminum in the bottom bracket area and the Cross Lock Skeleton construction, BMC succeeded in providing the highest rigidity values. All of this adds up to a bike that is built for very high speeds.
Super high-module unidirectional carbon frame tubes
The Jamis Dakar XLT 3.0 is a 5" travel frame with a Fox Shox Talas RL rear shock that can ride anywhere, whether you aim it uphill or point it downhill, this bike is ready to roll.
Dakar fully-active 4-bar linkage design, kinesium main triangle and 7005 rear
Fox Float Talas RL 90-125 mm adjustable travel rear shock
An automobile or motor car is a
wheeledmotor
vehicle for
transportingpassengers,
which also carries its own
engine or motor. Most definitions of the term specify that automobiles are
designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to
typically have four wheels, and to be constructed principally for the
transport
of people rather than goods.[1]
However, the term "automobile" is far from precise, because there are many types
of vehicles that do similar tasks.
Automobile comes via the
French language, from the
Greek language by combining auto [self] with mobilis [moving];
meaning a vehicle
that moves itself, rather than being pulled or pushed by a separate animal or
another vehicle. The alternative name car is believed to originate from
the Latin word
carrus or carrum [wheeled vehicle], or the
Middle English word carre [cart]
(from
Old North French), and karros; a
Gallicwagon.[2][3]
As of 2002, there were 590 million passenger cars worldwide (roughly one car
per eleven people).[4]
Although
Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is often credited with building the first
self-propelled mechanical vehicle or automobile in about 1769 by adapting an
existing horse-drawn vehicle, this claim is disputed by some, who doubt Cugnot's
three-wheeler ever ran or was stable. Others claim
Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a
Jesuit mission in China, built the first steam-powered vehicle around 1672
which was of small scale and designed as a toy for the Chinese Emperor that was
unable to carry a driver or a passenger, but quite possibly, was the first
working steam-powered vehicle ('auto-mobile').[5][6]
What is not in doubt is that
Richard Trevithick built and demonstrated his Puffing Devil road
locomotive in 1801, believed by many to be the first demonstration of a
steam-powered road vehicle although it was unable to maintain sufficient steam
pressure for long periods, and would have been of little practical use.
François Isaac de Rivaz, a Swiss inventor, designed the first
internal combustion engine, in 1806, which was fueled by a mixture of
hydrogen
and oxygen and
used it to develop the world's first vehicle, albeit rudimentary, to be powered
by such an engine. The design was not very successful, as was the case with
others such as
Samuel Brown,
Samuel
Morey, and
Etienne Lenoir with his
hippomobile, who each produced vehicles (usually adapted carriages or carts)
powered by clumsy internal combustion engines.[8]
In November 1881 French inventor
Gustave Trouvé demonstrated a working three-wheeled automobile that was
powered by electricity. This was at the International Exhibition of Electricity
in Paris.[9]
An automobile powered by his own
four-stroke cycle gasoline engine was built in
Mannheim,
Germany by
Karl Benz in 1885 and granted a
patent in
January of the following year under the auspices of his major company,
Benz & Cie., which was founded in 1883. It was an
integral design, without the adaptation of other existing components and
including several new technological elements to create a new concept. This is
what made it worthy of a patent. He began to sell his production vehicles in
1888.
Community Action for Sustainable Transport - Draft 18.11.2008
This policy uses some strategies first developed by Motorcycling
Australia.
Background
For trips where public transport, walking and cycling are not good
options people should consider using a two-wheeled motor vehicle (TWMV)
rather than a car.
Switching from a car to a motorcycle, scooter or electric bike is an
easy way for people to reduce congestion, greenhouse emissions and save
money on fuel.
TWMVs make more efficient use of fuel, road space and parking space than
a single occupant car and can play a part in the campaign to reduce
congestion and climate change.
When driven below the speed limit TWMVs also pose less of a safety risk
to other road users than cars, trucks and buses due to their weight.
TWMVs are a more affordable transport option than driving a single
occupant car, and will also help preserve oil reserves for essential
agricultural, medical and transport uses.
All levels of Government should be doing more to encourage people to
switch from their car to TWMVs.
Proposed strategies
More free parking spaces for TWMVs at activity centres and public
transport nodes. Parking must be safe, conveniently located and ensure
pedestrian, wheelchair and cyclist access is not obstructed. Car parks
should be reclaimed for TWMV parking where possible.
Inclusion of two-wheeled motor vehicles in National Road Transport
policies
Reduction in registration fees for TWMVs
Provision of TWMV-only lanes on key arterial roads
Exemption from tolls on tolled roads and infrastructure for TWMVs
Mandatory TWMV parking to be included in the construction plans for new
buildings
Integration of TWMVs into the planning for Public Transport projects,
such as park and ride for bikes.
A national standard that restricts the speed of new TWMVs available for
the general public to 120km/hr
Advertising campaigns to encourage people to switch from a car to a
two-wheeled motor vehicle
Government purchase of electric bicycles for use by employees and
citizens
Fuel efficiency, in its basic sense, is the same as
thermal efficiency, meaning the efficiency of a process that
converts chemical potential energy contained in a carrier
fuel into
kinetic energy or
work. Overall fuel efficiency may vary per device, which in turn may
vary per application, and this spectrum of variance is often illustrated
as a continuous
energy profile. Non-transportation applications, such as
industry, benefit from increased fuel efficiency, especially
fossil fuel power plants or industries dealing with combustion, such
as
ammonia production during the
Haber process. The United States Department of Energy and the EPA
maintain a Web site with fuel economy information, including testing
results and frequently asked questions.
In the context of
transportation, "fuel efficiency" more commonly refers to the
energy efficiency of a particular vehicle model, where its
total output (range, or "mileage" [U.S.]) is given as a
ratio of
range units per a unit amount of input fuel (gasoline,
diesel, etc.). This ratio is given in common measures such as "liters
per 100
kilometers" (L/100 km) (common in Europe and Canada or "miles
per gallon"
(mpg)
(prevalent in the USA, UK, and often in Canada, using their respective
gallon measurements) or "kilometres per litre"(kmpl) (prevalent in Asian
countries such as India and Japan). Though the typical output measure is
vehicle range, for certain applications output can also be
measured in terms of weight per range units (freight)
or individual passenger-range (vehicle range / passenger capacity).
This ratio is based on a car's total properties, including its
engine
properties, its body
drag, weight, and
rolling resistance, and as such may vary substantially from the
profile of the engine alone. While the thermal efficiency of
petroleum
engines has improved in recent decades, this does not necessarily
translate into fuel economy of
cars, as people in
developed countries tend to buy bigger and heavier cars (i.e.
SUVs will get less range per unit fuel than an
economy car).
Hybrid vehicle designs use smaller combustion engines as electric
generators to produce greater range per unit fuel than directly powering
the wheels with an engine would, and (proportionally) less
fuel emissions (CO2
grams) than a conventional (combustion engine) vehicle of similar
size and capacity. Energy otherwise wasted in stopping is converted to
electricity and stored in batteries which are then used to drive the
small electric motors. Torque from these motors is very quickly supplied
complementing power from the combustion engine. Fixed cylinder sizes can
thus be designed more efficiently.
"Energy efficiency" is similar to fuel efficiency but the input is
usually in units of energy such as British thermal units (BTU),
megajoules (MJ), gigajoules (GJ), kilocalories (kcal), or kilowatt-hours
(kW·h). The inverse of "energy efficiency" is "energy intensity", or the
amount of input energy required for a unit of output such as
MJ/passenger-km (of passenger transport), BTU/ton-mile (of freight
transport, for long/short/metric tons), GJ/t (for steel production),
BTU/(kW·h) (for electricity generation), or litres/100 km (of vehicle
travel). This last term "litres per 100 km" is also a measure of "fuel
economy" where the input is measured by the amount of fuel and the
output is measured by the
distance travelled. For example:
Fuel economy in automobiles.
Given a heat value of a fuel, it would be trivial to convert from
fuel units (such as litres of gasoline) to energy units (such as MJ) and
conversely. But there are two problems with comparisons made using
energy units:
There are two different heat values for any hydrogen-containing
fuel which can differ by several percent (see below). Which one do
we use for converting fuel to energy?
When comparing transportation energy costs, it must be
remembered that a
kilowatt hour of electric energy may require an amount of fuel
with heating value of 2 or 3 kilowatt hours to produce it.
The specific energy content of a fuel is the heat energy obtained
when a certain quantity is burned (such as a gallon, litre, kilogram).
It is sometimes called the "heat of combustion". There exists two
different values of specific heat energy for the same batch of fuel. One
is the high (or gross) heat of combustion and the other is the low (or
net) heat of combustion. The high value is obtained when, after the
combustion, the water in the "exhaust" is in liquid form. For the low
value, the "exhaust" has all the water in vapor form (steam). Since
water vapor gives up heat energy when it changes from vapor to liquid,
the high value is larger since it includes the latent heat of
vaporization of water. The difference between the high and low values is
significant, about 8 or 9%.
In
thermodynamics, the thermal efficiency ()
is a
dimensionless performance measure of a thermal device such as an
internal combustion engine, a
boiler,
or a
furnace, for example. The input,
,
to the device is
heat, or
the heat-content of a fuel that is consumed. The desired output is
mechanical
work,
,
or heat,
,
or possibly both. Because the input heat normally has a real financial
cost, a memorable, generic definition of thermal efficiency is[1]
When expressed as a percentage, the thermal efficiency must be
between 0% and 100%. Due to inefficiencies such as friction, heat loss,
and other factors, thermal efficiencies are typically much less than
100%. For example, a typical gasoline automobile engine operates at
around 25% thermal efficiency, and a large coal-fueled electrical
generating plant peaks at about 46%.
The largest diesel engine in the world peaks at 51.7%. In a
combined cycle plant, thermal efficiencies are approaching 60%.[2]
The
second law of thermodynamics puts a fundamental limit on the thermal
efficiency of heat engines. Surprisingly[citation
needed], even an ideal, frictionless engine can't
convert anywhere near 100% of its input heat into work. The limiting
factors are the temperature at which the heat enters the engine,
,
and the temperature of the environment into which the engine exhausts
its waste heat,,
measured in the absolute
Kelvin
or
Rankine scale. From
Carnot's theorem, for any engine working between these two
temperatures:
This limiting value is called the Carnot cycle efficiency
because it is the efficiency of an unattainable, ideal, lossless (reversible)
engine cycle called the
Carnot cycle. No heat engine, regardless of its construction, can
exceed this efficiency.
Examples of
are the temperature of hot steam entering the turbine of a steam power
plant, or the temperature at which the fuel burns in an internal
combustion engine.