The Mavic Cosmic Carbone SL features a new rim technology that reduces weight, inertia and cost for the same strength and stiffness weighing in at only 1740 grams, the new SL is the best aero wheel you can get for the money.
20 grams lighter rim thanks to a new alloy rim extrusion
12K carbon flanges for frontal and lateral stiffness
Straight pull radialy laced spokes for increased stiffness and durability
52 mm elliptic rim flanges
Low count bladed spokes
Full tire compatibility
Efficient, predictable and weatherproof braking without the need for special brake pads
Strong, durable and impact resistant rim
Braking surface: UB Control
Drilling: traditional
Eyelet: single
Rim Height: 52 mm
Rim Joint: SUP
Rim Lowering: ISM
Rim Material: Maxtal and 12K carbon fiber
Valve hole diameter: 6.5 mm
Spoke Count: front 16, rear 20
Lacing: front radial, rear radial non-drive side, crossed 2 drive side
Nipples : ABS, brass
Spoke Shape: straight pull, bladed
Hub Bearings: QRM+
Free wheel mechanism: FTS-L, steel
Front and rear axle material: aluminum
Front and rear bodies: aluminum
Front axle size: 9 x 100
Rear axle size: 9 x 130
ED10 (Campagnolo) or M10 (Shimano, Sram...)
ETRTO size: 622x15c
Recommended tire sizes: 19 to 28 mm
Tire: clincher
Published weight (ED10): 1740 grams per pair, front wheel: 780 grams, rear wheel: 960 grams
The Cosmic Elite Wheelset by Mavic is made for flat roads and high speeds, inspired by the Cosmic Carbon SL this is a great wheel for anyone who speed is everything.
Profiled rim and bladed spokes deliver great aerodynamics and low frontal drag
30 mm deep rim profile
Low spoke count (20/20)
Ultra bladed spokes
Radial lacing on front and on rear non drive side
30mm deep rim profile
Straight pull spokes : stronger than J bent spokes
Braking surface: UB Control
Drilling: traditional
Eyelet: profiled
Rim Height: 30 mm
Rim Joint: SUP
Rim Material: 6106 Aluminum
Valve hole diameter: 6.5 mm
Spoke Count: 20 front and rear
Lacing: front radial, rear radial non-drive side, crossed 2 drive side
Spoke Material: stainless steel
Nipples : ABS, brass
Spoke Shape: straight pull, bladed
Bearings: QRM
Free wheel mecanism: FTS-L, steel
Front and rear axle material: steel
Front and rear bodies: aluminum
Front axle size: 9 x 100
Rear axle size: 9 x 130
ED10 (Campagnolo) or M10 (Shimano, Sram...)
ETRTO size: 622x15c
Recommended tire sizes: 19 to 28 mm
Tire: clincher
Published weight (ED10): 1900 grams per pair, front wheel: 890 grams, rear wheel: 1010 grams
The R-SYS Premium wheelset takes the best of R-SYS TraComp technology and features titanium bolts and skewers as well as carbon hub caps to further reduce weight helping to make it perform as good as it looks.
TracompTM technology prevents loss of tension on spokes to maintain high stiffness under high loads
The Shimano Dura Ace WH-7850-C24-CL Carbon Clincher Wheelset is a lightweight and stiff wheelset that gives you the performance of a Pro-Tour wheel with the convenience of clinchers.
Patent pending Shimano carbon-alloy composite construction
Aerodynamic 24mm profile rims
New titanium freehub body w/quick engagement
New wider flange hubs and offset rear rim for increased rigidity and power transmission
The Dura-Ace WH-7850-SL Scandium Wheelset features Road Tubeless Technology, helping to keep you rolling even when you roll over debris that would pop your tube.
Road Tubeless technology
Tube and tubeless tire compatible wheels
Patent Pending light, strong and durable "butted" Scandium alloy rim
New titanium freehub body w/quick engagement
New wider flange hub and offset rim for increased rigidity and power transmission
The LaserDisc 29'er wheelset is a strong set with 27-millimeter-wide LaserDisc Trail29″ rims, 28 WTB double-butted spokes and LaserDisc Lite hubs,these wheels are light enough for the racecourse yet strong enough foraggressive trail riding.
The Easton XC One was designed with the most demanding XC riders in mind, it is up to 10% lighter than competing wheels and as much as 36% stiffer. This means you will have superior control, and self-adjusting preload makes for easy setup and eliminates wheel wobble. Bullet-proof rear hub offers durability and long life. Precision, oversized U.S. bearings make for smooth operation and maximum dependability.
Weight(Pair): 1590 g
Rims: Easton XC disc, 23 mm box style
Spokes: stainless steel straight pull, black coating. 2.0/1.7 diameter with allow nipples.
It doesn't come any better than Record. Integrated shift/brake levers for use with 10 speed Campagnolo drivetrains. New revision with "QS" QuickShift technology, allowing faster operation of the front derailleur.
Includes Campy cables and housing
Compatible with (optional) Ergobrain cyclecomputer
Left lever handles double or triple crankset
Right lever works with Campy 10 speed rear derailleurs
The Trail Jersey is is a comfortable jersey that offers a quick-drying polyester construction that wicks away moisture while providing UV protection. Structured fabric improves ventilation while moisture wicking action pulls perspiration to the surface where it can evaporate. The fit is relaxed and ready to rock the trail.
100% polyester
Quick-drying material with moisture wicking and UV protection
The Trail Zip Jersey is a relaxed fit jersey that gives you room to maneuver without being to big, it comes with the premium features like moisture wicking, UV protection, and even a side-access back pocket that zips shut.
100% polyester in quick drying, moisture wicking fabric with UV protection
Mesh structured side panels for ventilation
Quarter-zip closure with corded zipper pull
Smooth structured front and back panel for proper drape
Flatlock stitching and saddle sleeves for comfort and freedom of movement
The Retro Image Apparel Women's Betty Boop jersey is a cool and comfortable 3/4 zip jersey. Betty Boop first appeared in the 6th Talkartoon starring Bimbo, entitled "Dizzy Dishes" (1930). Grim Natwick was the first animator to draw Betty, who had not yet been officially named. He took inspiration for Betty's spit curls from a song sheet of Helen Kane, "Boop Oop a Doop Girl." Her first starring role was in "Betty Coed" (1931), which marked the first time the name Betty was connected with the character. In 1934, Betty began appearing in comic strips drawn by Bud Counihan (though they were signed with Max Fleischer's name). Material: Euro Mesh
An automobile or motor car is a
wheeledmotor
vehicle for
transportingpassengers,
which also carries its own
engine or motor. Most definitions of the term specify that automobiles are
designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to
typically have four wheels, and to be constructed principally for the
transport
of people rather than goods.[1]
However, the term "automobile" is far from precise, because there are many types
of vehicles that do similar tasks.
Automobile comes via the
French language, from the
Greek language by combining auto [self] with mobilis [moving];
meaning a vehicle
that moves itself, rather than being pulled or pushed by a separate animal or
another vehicle. The alternative name car is believed to originate from
the Latin word
carrus or carrum [wheeled vehicle], or the
Middle English word carre [cart]
(from
Old North French), and karros; a
Gallicwagon.[2][3]
As of 2002, there were 590 million passenger cars worldwide (roughly one car
per eleven people).[4]
Although
Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is often credited with building the first
self-propelled mechanical vehicle or automobile in about 1769 by adapting an
existing horse-drawn vehicle, this claim is disputed by some, who doubt Cugnot's
three-wheeler ever ran or was stable. Others claim
Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a
Jesuit mission in China, built the first steam-powered vehicle around 1672
which was of small scale and designed as a toy for the Chinese Emperor that was
unable to carry a driver or a passenger, but quite possibly, was the first
working steam-powered vehicle ('auto-mobile').[5][6]
What is not in doubt is that
Richard Trevithick built and demonstrated his Puffing Devil road
locomotive in 1801, believed by many to be the first demonstration of a
steam-powered road vehicle although it was unable to maintain sufficient steam
pressure for long periods, and would have been of little practical use.
François Isaac de Rivaz, a Swiss inventor, designed the first
internal combustion engine, in 1806, which was fueled by a mixture of
hydrogen
and oxygen and
used it to develop the world's first vehicle, albeit rudimentary, to be powered
by such an engine. The design was not very successful, as was the case with
others such as
Samuel Brown,
Samuel
Morey, and
Etienne Lenoir with his
hippomobile, who each produced vehicles (usually adapted carriages or carts)
powered by clumsy internal combustion engines.[8]
In November 1881 French inventor
Gustave Trouvé demonstrated a working three-wheeled automobile that was
powered by electricity. This was at the International Exhibition of Electricity
in Paris.[9]
An automobile powered by his own
four-stroke cycle gasoline engine was built in
Mannheim,
Germany by
Karl Benz in 1885 and granted a
patent in
January of the following year under the auspices of his major company,
Benz & Cie., which was founded in 1883. It was an
integral design, without the adaptation of other existing components and
including several new technological elements to create a new concept. This is
what made it worthy of a patent. He began to sell his production vehicles in
1888.
Community Action for Sustainable Transport - Draft 18.11.2008
This policy uses some strategies first developed by Motorcycling
Australia.
Background
For trips where public transport, walking and cycling are not good
options people should consider using a two-wheeled motor vehicle (TWMV)
rather than a car.
Switching from a car to a motorcycle, scooter or electric bike is an
easy way for people to reduce congestion, greenhouse emissions and save
money on fuel.
TWMVs make more efficient use of fuel, road space and parking space than
a single occupant car and can play a part in the campaign to reduce
congestion and climate change.
When driven below the speed limit TWMVs also pose less of a safety risk
to other road users than cars, trucks and buses due to their weight.
TWMVs are a more affordable transport option than driving a single
occupant car, and will also help preserve oil reserves for essential
agricultural, medical and transport uses.
All levels of Government should be doing more to encourage people to
switch from their car to TWMVs.
Proposed strategies
More free parking spaces for TWMVs at activity centres and public
transport nodes. Parking must be safe, conveniently located and ensure
pedestrian, wheelchair and cyclist access is not obstructed. Car parks
should be reclaimed for TWMV parking where possible.
Inclusion of two-wheeled motor vehicles in National Road Transport
policies
Reduction in registration fees for TWMVs
Provision of TWMV-only lanes on key arterial roads
Exemption from tolls on tolled roads and infrastructure for TWMVs
Mandatory TWMV parking to be included in the construction plans for new
buildings
Integration of TWMVs into the planning for Public Transport projects,
such as park and ride for bikes.
A national standard that restricts the speed of new TWMVs available for
the general public to 120km/hr
Advertising campaigns to encourage people to switch from a car to a
two-wheeled motor vehicle
Government purchase of electric bicycles for use by employees and
citizens
Fuel efficiency, in its basic sense, is the same as
thermal efficiency, meaning the efficiency of a process that
converts chemical potential energy contained in a carrier
fuel into
kinetic energy or
work. Overall fuel efficiency may vary per device, which in turn may
vary per application, and this spectrum of variance is often illustrated
as a continuous
energy profile. Non-transportation applications, such as
industry, benefit from increased fuel efficiency, especially
fossil fuel power plants or industries dealing with combustion, such
as
ammonia production during the
Haber process. The United States Department of Energy and the EPA
maintain a Web site with fuel economy information, including testing
results and frequently asked questions.
In the context of
transportation, "fuel efficiency" more commonly refers to the
energy efficiency of a particular vehicle model, where its
total output (range, or "mileage" [U.S.]) is given as a
ratio of
range units per a unit amount of input fuel (gasoline,
diesel, etc.). This ratio is given in common measures such as "liters
per 100
kilometers" (L/100 km) (common in Europe and Canada or "miles
per gallon"
(mpg)
(prevalent in the USA, UK, and often in Canada, using their respective
gallon measurements) or "kilometres per litre"(kmpl) (prevalent in Asian
countries such as India and Japan). Though the typical output measure is
vehicle range, for certain applications output can also be
measured in terms of weight per range units (freight)
or individual passenger-range (vehicle range / passenger capacity).
This ratio is based on a car's total properties, including its
engine
properties, its body
drag, weight, and
rolling resistance, and as such may vary substantially from the
profile of the engine alone. While the thermal efficiency of
petroleum
engines has improved in recent decades, this does not necessarily
translate into fuel economy of
cars, as people in
developed countries tend to buy bigger and heavier cars (i.e.
SUVs will get less range per unit fuel than an
economy car).
Hybrid vehicle designs use smaller combustion engines as electric
generators to produce greater range per unit fuel than directly powering
the wheels with an engine would, and (proportionally) less
fuel emissions (CO2
grams) than a conventional (combustion engine) vehicle of similar
size and capacity. Energy otherwise wasted in stopping is converted to
electricity and stored in batteries which are then used to drive the
small electric motors. Torque from these motors is very quickly supplied
complementing power from the combustion engine. Fixed cylinder sizes can
thus be designed more efficiently.
"Energy efficiency" is similar to fuel efficiency but the input is
usually in units of energy such as British thermal units (BTU),
megajoules (MJ), gigajoules (GJ), kilocalories (kcal), or kilowatt-hours
(kW·h). The inverse of "energy efficiency" is "energy intensity", or the
amount of input energy required for a unit of output such as
MJ/passenger-km (of passenger transport), BTU/ton-mile (of freight
transport, for long/short/metric tons), GJ/t (for steel production),
BTU/(kW·h) (for electricity generation), or litres/100 km (of vehicle
travel). This last term "litres per 100 km" is also a measure of "fuel
economy" where the input is measured by the amount of fuel and the
output is measured by the
distance travelled. For example:
Fuel economy in automobiles.
Given a heat value of a fuel, it would be trivial to convert from
fuel units (such as litres of gasoline) to energy units (such as MJ) and
conversely. But there are two problems with comparisons made using
energy units:
There are two different heat values for any hydrogen-containing
fuel which can differ by several percent (see below). Which one do
we use for converting fuel to energy?
When comparing transportation energy costs, it must be
remembered that a
kilowatt hour of electric energy may require an amount of fuel
with heating value of 2 or 3 kilowatt hours to produce it.
The specific energy content of a fuel is the heat energy obtained
when a certain quantity is burned (such as a gallon, litre, kilogram).
It is sometimes called the "heat of combustion". There exists two
different values of specific heat energy for the same batch of fuel. One
is the high (or gross) heat of combustion and the other is the low (or
net) heat of combustion. The high value is obtained when, after the
combustion, the water in the "exhaust" is in liquid form. For the low
value, the "exhaust" has all the water in vapor form (steam). Since
water vapor gives up heat energy when it changes from vapor to liquid,
the high value is larger since it includes the latent heat of
vaporization of water. The difference between the high and low values is
significant, about 8 or 9%.
In
thermodynamics, the thermal efficiency ()
is a
dimensionless performance measure of a thermal device such as an
internal combustion engine, a
boiler,
or a
furnace, for example. The input,
,
to the device is
heat, or
the heat-content of a fuel that is consumed. The desired output is
mechanical
work,
,
or heat,
,
or possibly both. Because the input heat normally has a real financial
cost, a memorable, generic definition of thermal efficiency is[1]
When expressed as a percentage, the thermal efficiency must be
between 0% and 100%. Due to inefficiencies such as friction, heat loss,
and other factors, thermal efficiencies are typically much less than
100%. For example, a typical gasoline automobile engine operates at
around 25% thermal efficiency, and a large coal-fueled electrical
generating plant peaks at about 46%.
The largest diesel engine in the world peaks at 51.7%. In a
combined cycle plant, thermal efficiencies are approaching 60%.[2]
The
second law of thermodynamics puts a fundamental limit on the thermal
efficiency of heat engines. Surprisingly[citation
needed], even an ideal, frictionless engine can't
convert anywhere near 100% of its input heat into work. The limiting
factors are the temperature at which the heat enters the engine,
,
and the temperature of the environment into which the engine exhausts
its waste heat,,
measured in the absolute
Kelvin
or
Rankine scale. From
Carnot's theorem, for any engine working between these two
temperatures:
This limiting value is called the Carnot cycle efficiency
because it is the efficiency of an unattainable, ideal, lossless (reversible)
engine cycle called the
Carnot cycle. No heat engine, regardless of its construction, can
exceed this efficiency.
Examples of
are the temperature of hot steam entering the turbine of a steam power
plant, or the temperature at which the fuel burns in an internal
combustion engine.