The Campagnolo Super Record 11 Ergopower lever set is a comfortable and smooth actuating brake/shift lever set that is compatible with 11-speed shifters.
Includes cable and housing set
Front Derailleur/Shifter Compatibility: Campy Ergo Double
The Lezyne S-Caddy Seat Bag is both compact and practical, the S-Caddy securely stows one road tube, your tire levers, and a patch kit. The external tool pouch is designed to fit any of Lezyne's 4-bit tools.
Features fitted pockets specifically designed to fit and easily access other Lezyne accessories- patch kits, tire levers and multi-tools
Interior pockets feature painted icons- symbol markings to easily identify contents
Compact design stows 1 road tube, tire levers, and patch kit. External tool pouch holds any Lezyne 4-bit tools
The Axiom Journey QR Seat Bag offers quick on and off for transferring between bikes, or preventing theft on a locked up commuter bike. Tool-free QR system does not rely on a permanently attached mount the bag simply snaps on to rails and straps around your seatpost in seconds.
Water resistant rubber coated 600 denier nylon
The high level fabric used in all Axiom bags has exceptionally low off-gassing characteristics (open up a bag and you notice it doesn't smell like plastic or chemicals!) that exceed even European standards
The Axiom Journey QR Seat Bags gives you the the luxury of quick on and off for transferring the bag between bikes, or preventing theft on a locked up commuter bike. The tool-free QR system does not rely on a permanently attached mount, the bag simply snaps on to your saddle rails and straps around seatpost in a matter of seconds.
Water resistant rubber coated 600 denier nylon
The high level fabric used in all Axiom bags has exceptionally low off-gassing characteristics (open up a bag and you notice it doesn't smell like plastic or chemicals!) that exceed even European standards
The Journey QR Seat Bag by Axiom offers quick on and off for easy transferring between bikes, or preventing theft on locked up commuter bikes. Featuring a tool-free QR system that does not rely on a permanently attached mounts, this bag simply snaps on to rails and straps around seatpost in seconds.
Water resistant rubber coated 600 denier nylon
The high level fabric used in all Axiom bags has exceptionally low off-gassing characteristics (open up a bag and you notice it doesn't smell like plastic or chemicals!) that exceed even European standards
Timbuk2 Ballistic Cargo Tote features the same three-panel design, waterproof liner and legendary-tough construction as Timbuk2's Classic Messenger Bags.
Ziptop closure with internal organizer pockets
Removable shoulder strap and extra-long carrying handles
Allbikes come with JenonUSA's complementary Free Pro Build Service, pleaseallow 3 business days for your bike to be assembled, inspected andpacked before shipping.
The Fastback Comp is a great do anything road bike that gives you a smooth and responsive ride thanks to it's carbon fiber seatstays and fork. Bicyciling magazine calls the Fastback comp "its own kind of superbike" in the under $1000 for those who are looking for a bike for club rides, daily training, and noodling around the neighborhood.
Smooth-welded N’Litened Gold Label butted aluminum with Black Label carbon fiber seatstays and Black Label Carbon Comp front fork
Shimano 105/Tiagra 20-speed drivetrain with Truvativ Elita Compact crankset
Semi-aero Alex R500 rims coupled with Formula hubs and Schwalbe Tires
Frame: Schwinn Super Butted 'N'Litened' Gold label smooth welded aluminum with Black Label carbon fiber seat stays, race geometry, IS standard integrated head tube, forged dropouts with replaceable hanger, and 2x H2O bottle.
Fork: Schwinn Black Label Carbon Comp carbon fiber blades with 1 1/8" Cr-mo steerer and forged dropouts.
Allbikes come with JenonUSA's complementary Free Pro Build Service, pleaseallow 3 business days for your bike to be assembled, inspected andpacked before shipping.
The Schwinn Fastback 27 is a smooth riding road bike that features Schwinns Race geometry and a smooth riding carbon fiber fork.
N’Litened Gold Label custom drawn Road Tuned aluminum tubing yields a light but strong frame with Black Label Carbon Comp front fork
Shimano 27-speed Tiagra STI Shifter with Tiagra front & rear derailleur
Dual pivot Tektro brakes give maximum stopping power
Schwinn Road Tuned oversize Bar/Stem combo is light & stiff
Frame: Schwinn Super Butted 'N'Litened' Gold label TIG welded aluminum with Schwinn Race geometry, IS standard head tube, forged dropouts with replaceable hanger, 2x H2O bottle boss
Fork: Schwinn Black Label Carbon Comp carbon fiber blades with 1 1/8" Cr-mo steerer and forged dropouts.
Made specifically for frames built to the BB30 standard, these are lighter and stiffer than traditional bottom bracket / crank combos. Oversized alloy spindle mated to hollow, carbon monocoque crankarms. Includes ceramic bearing BB cups too!
FSA brings their K-Force Light monocoque carbon crank to the BB30 market. By leveraging the BB30 platform, these are lighter, stiffer, and stronger than previous crank designs.
Fits frames built to the BB30 spec only
includes ceramic BB
Works with Shimano, SRAM, and Campagnolo 10sp drivetrains
The '09 Corsa Cento is backed by Marzocchi's years of race R&D in the Trans Alps and many other XC events, helping to make this one of the lightest and most durable XC race forks soaking up the trails.
100mm of travel
Published Weight: 1690g with RC.
TST Micro With Remote
Lockout With Micro adjust
Comp. Ext Rebound Adjust
SFA Positive and Negative Air Valve adjust
32mm Nickel Coated Alloy
Tapered Stanchion Tubes
XC Race Alloy Steer
6” Post Mount (Max 8”)
SFA: By means of a single Schrader air valve in the lower part of the fork leg, the SFA (Single Function Air) pneumatic cartridge allows a perfect and simple adjustment of the pressure in the positive air chamber. The pressure of the negative chamber balances automatically, thus assuring the optimal “initial break” in any condition and setting. Air pressure values will vary depending on the rider, terrain, preferred travel positions and personal preferences.
TST Micro: is the greatest evolution of TST closed cartridge hydraulic systems. The black knob in the lower part of the fork leg allows adjusting the rebound. The red-colored top knob allows activating the Micro System to adjust the compression. The Micro adjustment (golden knob on the top of the fork leg) sets the operating threshold of compression by adapting the behavior of the suspension system to the type of terrain. Lockout is activated by turning the golden knob completely in the closed position, then shifting the red lever. In some models, the TST system can be activated by means of the remote control in the handlebar.
An automobile or motor car is a
wheeledmotor
vehicle for
transportingpassengers,
which also carries its own
engine or motor. Most definitions of the term specify that automobiles are
designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to
typically have four wheels, and to be constructed principally for the
transport
of people rather than goods.[1]
However, the term "automobile" is far from precise, because there are many types
of vehicles that do similar tasks.
Automobile comes via the
French language, from the
Greek language by combining auto [self] with mobilis [moving];
meaning a vehicle
that moves itself, rather than being pulled or pushed by a separate animal or
another vehicle. The alternative name car is believed to originate from
the Latin word
carrus or carrum [wheeled vehicle], or the
Middle English word carre [cart]
(from
Old North French), and karros; a
Gallicwagon.[2][3]
As of 2002, there were 590 million passenger cars worldwide (roughly one car
per eleven people).[4]
Although
Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is often credited with building the first
self-propelled mechanical vehicle or automobile in about 1769 by adapting an
existing horse-drawn vehicle, this claim is disputed by some, who doubt Cugnot's
three-wheeler ever ran or was stable. Others claim
Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a
Jesuit mission in China, built the first steam-powered vehicle around 1672
which was of small scale and designed as a toy for the Chinese Emperor that was
unable to carry a driver or a passenger, but quite possibly, was the first
working steam-powered vehicle ('auto-mobile').[5][6]
What is not in doubt is that
Richard Trevithick built and demonstrated his Puffing Devil road
locomotive in 1801, believed by many to be the first demonstration of a
steam-powered road vehicle although it was unable to maintain sufficient steam
pressure for long periods, and would have been of little practical use.
François Isaac de Rivaz, a Swiss inventor, designed the first
internal combustion engine, in 1806, which was fueled by a mixture of
hydrogen
and oxygen and
used it to develop the world's first vehicle, albeit rudimentary, to be powered
by such an engine. The design was not very successful, as was the case with
others such as
Samuel Brown,
Samuel
Morey, and
Etienne Lenoir with his
hippomobile, who each produced vehicles (usually adapted carriages or carts)
powered by clumsy internal combustion engines.[8]
In November 1881 French inventor
Gustave Trouvé demonstrated a working three-wheeled automobile that was
powered by electricity. This was at the International Exhibition of Electricity
in Paris.[9]
An automobile powered by his own
four-stroke cycle gasoline engine was built in
Mannheim,
Germany by
Karl Benz in 1885 and granted a
patent in
January of the following year under the auspices of his major company,
Benz & Cie., which was founded in 1883. It was an
integral design, without the adaptation of other existing components and
including several new technological elements to create a new concept. This is
what made it worthy of a patent. He began to sell his production vehicles in
1888.
Community Action for Sustainable Transport - Draft 18.11.2008
This policy uses some strategies first developed by Motorcycling
Australia.
Background
For trips where public transport, walking and cycling are not good
options people should consider using a two-wheeled motor vehicle (TWMV)
rather than a car.
Switching from a car to a motorcycle, scooter or electric bike is an
easy way for people to reduce congestion, greenhouse emissions and save
money on fuel.
TWMVs make more efficient use of fuel, road space and parking space than
a single occupant car and can play a part in the campaign to reduce
congestion and climate change.
When driven below the speed limit TWMVs also pose less of a safety risk
to other road users than cars, trucks and buses due to their weight.
TWMVs are a more affordable transport option than driving a single
occupant car, and will also help preserve oil reserves for essential
agricultural, medical and transport uses.
All levels of Government should be doing more to encourage people to
switch from their car to TWMVs.
Proposed strategies
More free parking spaces for TWMVs at activity centres and public
transport nodes. Parking must be safe, conveniently located and ensure
pedestrian, wheelchair and cyclist access is not obstructed. Car parks
should be reclaimed for TWMV parking where possible.
Inclusion of two-wheeled motor vehicles in National Road Transport
policies
Reduction in registration fees for TWMVs
Provision of TWMV-only lanes on key arterial roads
Exemption from tolls on tolled roads and infrastructure for TWMVs
Mandatory TWMV parking to be included in the construction plans for new
buildings
Integration of TWMVs into the planning for Public Transport projects,
such as park and ride for bikes.
A national standard that restricts the speed of new TWMVs available for
the general public to 120km/hr
Advertising campaigns to encourage people to switch from a car to a
two-wheeled motor vehicle
Government purchase of electric bicycles for use by employees and
citizens
Fuel efficiency, in its basic sense, is the same as
thermal efficiency, meaning the efficiency of a process that
converts chemical potential energy contained in a carrier
fuel into
kinetic energy or
work. Overall fuel efficiency may vary per device, which in turn may
vary per application, and this spectrum of variance is often illustrated
as a continuous
energy profile. Non-transportation applications, such as
industry, benefit from increased fuel efficiency, especially
fossil fuel power plants or industries dealing with combustion, such
as
ammonia production during the
Haber process. The United States Department of Energy and the EPA
maintain a Web site with fuel economy information, including testing
results and frequently asked questions.
In the context of
transportation, "fuel efficiency" more commonly refers to the
energy efficiency of a particular vehicle model, where its
total output (range, or "mileage" [U.S.]) is given as a
ratio of
range units per a unit amount of input fuel (gasoline,
diesel, etc.). This ratio is given in common measures such as "liters
per 100
kilometers" (L/100 km) (common in Europe and Canada or "miles
per gallon"
(mpg)
(prevalent in the USA, UK, and often in Canada, using their respective
gallon measurements) or "kilometres per litre"(kmpl) (prevalent in Asian
countries such as India and Japan). Though the typical output measure is
vehicle range, for certain applications output can also be
measured in terms of weight per range units (freight)
or individual passenger-range (vehicle range / passenger capacity).
This ratio is based on a car's total properties, including its
engine
properties, its body
drag, weight, and
rolling resistance, and as such may vary substantially from the
profile of the engine alone. While the thermal efficiency of
petroleum
engines has improved in recent decades, this does not necessarily
translate into fuel economy of
cars, as people in
developed countries tend to buy bigger and heavier cars (i.e.
SUVs will get less range per unit fuel than an
economy car).
Hybrid vehicle designs use smaller combustion engines as electric
generators to produce greater range per unit fuel than directly powering
the wheels with an engine would, and (proportionally) less
fuel emissions (CO2
grams) than a conventional (combustion engine) vehicle of similar
size and capacity. Energy otherwise wasted in stopping is converted to
electricity and stored in batteries which are then used to drive the
small electric motors. Torque from these motors is very quickly supplied
complementing power from the combustion engine. Fixed cylinder sizes can
thus be designed more efficiently.
"Energy efficiency" is similar to fuel efficiency but the input is
usually in units of energy such as British thermal units (BTU),
megajoules (MJ), gigajoules (GJ), kilocalories (kcal), or kilowatt-hours
(kW·h). The inverse of "energy efficiency" is "energy intensity", or the
amount of input energy required for a unit of output such as
MJ/passenger-km (of passenger transport), BTU/ton-mile (of freight
transport, for long/short/metric tons), GJ/t (for steel production),
BTU/(kW·h) (for electricity generation), or litres/100 km (of vehicle
travel). This last term "litres per 100 km" is also a measure of "fuel
economy" where the input is measured by the amount of fuel and the
output is measured by the
distance travelled. For example:
Fuel economy in automobiles.
Given a heat value of a fuel, it would be trivial to convert from
fuel units (such as litres of gasoline) to energy units (such as MJ) and
conversely. But there are two problems with comparisons made using
energy units:
There are two different heat values for any hydrogen-containing
fuel which can differ by several percent (see below). Which one do
we use for converting fuel to energy?
When comparing transportation energy costs, it must be
remembered that a
kilowatt hour of electric energy may require an amount of fuel
with heating value of 2 or 3 kilowatt hours to produce it.
The specific energy content of a fuel is the heat energy obtained
when a certain quantity is burned (such as a gallon, litre, kilogram).
It is sometimes called the "heat of combustion". There exists two
different values of specific heat energy for the same batch of fuel. One
is the high (or gross) heat of combustion and the other is the low (or
net) heat of combustion. The high value is obtained when, after the
combustion, the water in the "exhaust" is in liquid form. For the low
value, the "exhaust" has all the water in vapor form (steam). Since
water vapor gives up heat energy when it changes from vapor to liquid,
the high value is larger since it includes the latent heat of
vaporization of water. The difference between the high and low values is
significant, about 8 or 9%.
In
thermodynamics, the thermal efficiency ()
is a
dimensionless performance measure of a thermal device such as an
internal combustion engine, a
boiler,
or a
furnace, for example. The input,
,
to the device is
heat, or
the heat-content of a fuel that is consumed. The desired output is
mechanical
work,
,
or heat,
,
or possibly both. Because the input heat normally has a real financial
cost, a memorable, generic definition of thermal efficiency is[1]
When expressed as a percentage, the thermal efficiency must be
between 0% and 100%. Due to inefficiencies such as friction, heat loss,
and other factors, thermal efficiencies are typically much less than
100%. For example, a typical gasoline automobile engine operates at
around 25% thermal efficiency, and a large coal-fueled electrical
generating plant peaks at about 46%.
The largest diesel engine in the world peaks at 51.7%. In a
combined cycle plant, thermal efficiencies are approaching 60%.[2]
The
second law of thermodynamics puts a fundamental limit on the thermal
efficiency of heat engines. Surprisingly[citation
needed], even an ideal, frictionless engine can't
convert anywhere near 100% of its input heat into work. The limiting
factors are the temperature at which the heat enters the engine,
,
and the temperature of the environment into which the engine exhausts
its waste heat,,
measured in the absolute
Kelvin
or
Rankine scale. From
Carnot's theorem, for any engine working between these two
temperatures:
This limiting value is called the Carnot cycle efficiency
because it is the efficiency of an unattainable, ideal, lossless (reversible)
engine cycle called the
Carnot cycle. No heat engine, regardless of its construction, can
exceed this efficiency.
Examples of
are the temperature of hot steam entering the turbine of a steam power
plant, or the temperature at which the fuel burns in an internal
combustion engine.