The Blackburn TP-5 CF is capable of reaching 160psi with improved Dual Stage, Dual Stroke internals fit into a sleek, sexy shape featuring a lightweight carbon fiber barrel and gauge face. The working parts have been refined for improved reliability and serviceability.
Please allow 4-5 business days for assembly of your new bicycle prior to shipment.
Look to the Civia Hyland with Rohloff hub when you want the ultimate bombproof, reliable, no-compromise urban commuter bike. The Rohloff internally-geared 14 speed hub and matching twist shifter have been proven in some of the worst conditions imaginable. Shift anytime, even when stopped at a stoplight!
Smooth, powerful Shimano Alfine hydraulic disc brakes (stop easily in the rain)
hydroformed down tube with recessed, removable cable guides for easy cable routing and cleaning.
Sturdy, lightweight aluminum frame resists corrosion and is recyclable
Your new bike includes matching aluminum fenders, rear rack, carbon fork, and a Dynamo generator-type front hub and matching Shimano generator headlight
COMPONENT SPECIFICATIONS
Stylish and functional chainguard
Cane Creek S-8 headset
Shimano Alfine crankset
Shimano Alfine Hydraulic Disc brakeset
Thomson Elite seatpost
Fi'zi:k Aliante Delta saddle
Thomson X2 (31.8) stem
Civia 17 degree bend (31.8) handlebar
ODI Rogue Lock-on grips
Panaracer T-serv 700x28 tires, with reflective sidewall
Civia Aluminum Fenders
Civia Aluminum rear rack
Civia Aluminum Chainguard
Shimano LP R600 Generator Powered headlight
Rohloff Twist shifter
Wheel (Rear): Rohloff Speedhub, DT Swiss x470 disc specific rim
Wheel (Front): Shimano Alfine Dynamo, DT Swiss x470 disc specific rim
Sliding Dropouts: Derailleur specific
Shimano XT rear derailleur
NOTE: Does NOT include pedals
2008 Civia Hyland Geometry
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
Seat Tube Length
480
500
520
540
560
580
600
620
Top Tube Length-Actual
508.1
522.3
536.6
551.3
565.5
579.7
593.5
609.2
Top Tube Length-Effective
525
540
550
570
585
600
615
630
Headtube Angle
71.5
71.5
72
72
72
72.5
72.5
72.5
Seat Tube Angle
74.5
73.5
73
73
72.5
72.5
72
72
Bottom Bracket Drop
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
Chainstay Length
425
425
425
425
425
425
425
425
Wheelbase
996.5
1002.6
1008.7
1024.1
1034.1
1044.3
1053.6
1068.4
Standover Height
746.9
760.1
777.1
795.7
814.7
734.2
852.5
869
Headtube Length
95
105
120
140
160
180
200
215
Fork Length
395
395
395
395
395
395
395
395
Fork Rake
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
Help out your fellow cyclists and be the first person to review this item.
To find out availability of this item at one of our retail stores, select a location below.
Select a Store:
For more information about our retail stores, go to our Store Locations page.
Shipping charges are based on the size, weight, and value of the items you select.
Fora quote, simply add the items you are interested in to your shoppingcart and look for the Shipping Rates box. This does not obligate you tobuy anything, and you don't have to login or create an account.
Please allow 4-5 business days for assembly of your new bicycle prior to shipment.
Shimano's new Alfine group highlights the Civia Hyland. Step up to its 8 speed internally geared hub and enjoy consistent, reliable performance in all weather conditions. This entire bike and component selection have been designed with an eye on the urban cyclist.
The Hyland Alfine strikes a perfect balance between style and performance witha hydroformed down tube that features a recess with removable cableguides that allow for easy cable routing and cleaning. Civia alsoprovides you with added stopping power by adding in hydraulic discbrakes, this also works to clear up space for a rear rack.
The accolades keep pouring in for the Civia Hyland! Bicycling Magazine says: "...a ride that's stunningly efficient andversatile. Handling felt cruiserlike and ultrastable over potholes andrough pavement."
COMPONENT SPECIFICATIONS
Stylish and functional chainguard
Cane Creek S-8 headset
Shimano Alfine crankset
Shimano Alfine Hydraulic Disc brakeset
Thomson Elite seatpost
Fi'zi:k Aliante Delta saddle
Thomson X2 (31.8) stem
Civia 17 degree bend (31.8) handlebar
ODI Rogue Lock-on grips
Panaracer T-serv 700x28 tires, with reflective sidewall
Civia Aluminum Fenders
Civia Aluminum rear rack
Civia Aluminum Chainguard
Shimano LP R600 Generator Powered headlight
Rohloff Twist shifter
Wheel (Rear): Shimano Alfine internally geared hub, DT Swiss x470 disc specific rim
Wheel (Front): Shimano Alfine Dynamo, DT Swiss x470 disc specific rim
Please allow 4-5 business days for assembly of your new bicycle prior to shipment.
The Hyland strikes a perfect balance between style, function and performance with a hydroformed down tube with recessed,removable cable guides for easy cable routing and cleaning. Civia thought of everything for the urban, commuter, and errand bike cyclist. This version uses the same Hyland frame, but with an economical, traditional derailleur drivetrain.
Smooth, powerful Shimano Alfine hydraulic disc brakes (stop easily in the rain)
Elegant sliding dropouts allow you to go singlespeed if you like
Sturdy, lightweight aluminum frame resists corrosion and is recyclable
Your new bike includes matching aluminum fenders, rear rack, carbon fork, and a Dynamo generator-type front hub and matching Shimano generator headlight
COMPONENT SPECIFICATIONS
Stylish and functional chainguard
Cane Creek S-8 headset
Shimano Alfine crankset
Shimano Alfine Hydraulic Disc brakeset
Thomson Elite seatpost
Fi'zi:k Aliante Delta saddle
Thomson X2 (31.8) stem
Civia 17 degree bend (31.8) handlebar
ODI Rogue Lock-on grips
Panaracer T-serv 700x28 tires, with reflective sidewall
Civia Aluminum Fenders
Civia Aluminum rear rack
Civia Aluminum Chainguard
Shimano LP R600 Generator Powered headlight
Shimano XT Rapid-Fire shifters
Wheel (Rear): Shimano XT Hub, DT Swiss x470 disc specific rim
Wheel (Front): Shimano Alfine Dynamo, DT Swiss x470 disc specific rim
The next generation in chainguides! Superlight design with excellent chain retention and protection of both the chain and the chainring. Beefy 5mm thick CNC alloy booomerang, replaceable polycarbonate skid, and easy positioning of the upper and lower guides with a single bolt.
Seperate models suit bikes made with ISCG and ISCG '05 tabs
When only the lightest will do! Racers can shave grams by losing the granny ring entirely and running a wide-range 2x9 drivetrain. This premium offering from FSA uses 3rd-generation hollow carbon fiber arms and a MegaExo outboard-bearing BB with ceramic balls. No step has been spared to save weight - there are even Torx T30 aluminum chainring bolts.
4 arm, 94mm BCD pattern
CNC'd 7075-T6 aluminum ramped and pinned chainrings
The SLX group from Shimano replaces the old Deore LX MTB line. The SLX cranks adopt the Hollowtech II (i.e. outboard-bearing) bottom bracket design and are perfect for all-around use. Offers high-end features including a composite middle chainring that doubles service life and enhances shifting.
Today's all-mountain style rider may not need a triple crank - many riders never use the big chainring. For these riders, this type of crank with 2 wide-range chainrings plus a bashguard may be a better choice.
Shimano Hollowtech II design with outboard-bearing bottom bracket
The Civia Hyland Carbon road fork is a lightweight and versatile fork that allows for clean and easy cable routing, while providing a single eyelet fender mount.
Disc specific design, post mount tabs
Carbon fork comes with matte clear coat and has carbon fiber steerer tube
Drive-side leg has inside channel for clean routing of dynamo or computer wire
Civia Hyland's replacement dropouts allow you to easily repair a broken frame, or to switch between the various dropout types (Alfine, Rohloff, Derailleur).
Build the ultimate urban/commuter/errand bike when you start with the Civia Hyland frame. They thought of everything to meet the needs of today's bicycle commuter. It all begins with hydroformed aluminum tubing, thoughtfully designed with recessed cable guides that remove easily, making cleanup a snap after a week of wet weather commutes. Aluminum is light, reliable, and won't corrode, additionally, with an eye on the future it can be recycled.
74mm post-mount for disc brakes free up space compared to rim brakes, allowing for additional room to be used for your rear rack and bags. It's also a sliding dropout design, so you can easily run geared or singlespeed with no seperate tensioner needed.
7000-series aluminum tubing
Accomodates up to 700x35c tires
Accepts 1 1/8" headset, 27.2mm seatpost, and 32.0mm clamp
Note: frame only. Civia fork (optional) is not included.
Please note: Civia Hyland frames do not include the rear dropouts. Please add rear dropouts seperately. A dropout kit is offered for each of the 3 possible derailleur/hub setups (Derailleur, Rohloff, or Alfine)
2008 Civia Hyland Geometry
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
Seat Tube Length
480
500
520
540
560
580
600
620
Top Tube Length-Actual
508.1
522.3
536.6
551.3
565.5
579.7
593.5
609.2
Top Tube Length-Effective
525
540
550
570
585
600
615
630
Headtube Angle
71.5
71.5
72
72
72
72.5
72.5
72.5
Seat Tube Angle
74.5
73.5
73
73
72.5
72.5
72
72
Bottom Bracket Drop
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
Chainstay Length
425
425
425
425
425
425
425
425
Wheelbase
996.5
1002.6
1008.7
1024.1
1034.1
1044.3
1053.6
1068.4
Standover Height
746.9
760.1
777.1
795.7
814.7
734.2
852.5
869
Headtube Length
95
105
120
140
160
180
200
215
Fork Length
395
395
395
395
395
395
395
395
Fork Rake
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
Help out your fellow cyclists and be the first person to review this item.
To find out availability of this item at one of our retail stores, select a location below.
Select a Store:
For more information about our retail stores, go to our Store Locations page.
Shipping charges are based on the size, weight, and value of the items you select.
Fora quote, simply add the items you are interested in to your shoppingcart and look for the Shipping Rates box. This does not obligate you tobuy anything, and you don't have to login or create an account.
An automobile or motor car is a
wheeledmotor
vehicle for
transportingpassengers,
which also carries its own
engine or motor. Most definitions of the term specify that automobiles are
designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to
typically have four wheels, and to be constructed principally for the
transport
of people rather than goods.[1]
However, the term "automobile" is far from precise, because there are many types
of vehicles that do similar tasks.
Automobile comes via the
French language, from the
Greek language by combining auto [self] with mobilis [moving];
meaning a vehicle
that moves itself, rather than being pulled or pushed by a separate animal or
another vehicle. The alternative name car is believed to originate from
the Latin word
carrus or carrum [wheeled vehicle], or the
Middle English word carre [cart]
(from
Old North French), and karros; a
Gallicwagon.[2][3]
As of 2002, there were 590 million passenger cars worldwide (roughly one car
per eleven people).[4]
Although
Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is often credited with building the first
self-propelled mechanical vehicle or automobile in about 1769 by adapting an
existing horse-drawn vehicle, this claim is disputed by some, who doubt Cugnot's
three-wheeler ever ran or was stable. Others claim
Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a
Jesuit mission in China, built the first steam-powered vehicle around 1672
which was of small scale and designed as a toy for the Chinese Emperor that was
unable to carry a driver or a passenger, but quite possibly, was the first
working steam-powered vehicle ('auto-mobile').[5][6]
What is not in doubt is that
Richard Trevithick built and demonstrated his Puffing Devil road
locomotive in 1801, believed by many to be the first demonstration of a
steam-powered road vehicle although it was unable to maintain sufficient steam
pressure for long periods, and would have been of little practical use.
François Isaac de Rivaz, a Swiss inventor, designed the first
internal combustion engine, in 1806, which was fueled by a mixture of
hydrogen
and oxygen and
used it to develop the world's first vehicle, albeit rudimentary, to be powered
by such an engine. The design was not very successful, as was the case with
others such as
Samuel Brown,
Samuel
Morey, and
Etienne Lenoir with his
hippomobile, who each produced vehicles (usually adapted carriages or carts)
powered by clumsy internal combustion engines.[8]
In November 1881 French inventor
Gustave Trouvé demonstrated a working three-wheeled automobile that was
powered by electricity. This was at the International Exhibition of Electricity
in Paris.[9]
An automobile powered by his own
four-stroke cycle gasoline engine was built in
Mannheim,
Germany by
Karl Benz in 1885 and granted a
patent in
January of the following year under the auspices of his major company,
Benz & Cie., which was founded in 1883. It was an
integral design, without the adaptation of other existing components and
including several new technological elements to create a new concept. This is
what made it worthy of a patent. He began to sell his production vehicles in
1888.
Community Action for Sustainable Transport - Draft 18.11.2008
This policy uses some strategies first developed by Motorcycling
Australia.
Background
For trips where public transport, walking and cycling are not good
options people should consider using a two-wheeled motor vehicle (TWMV)
rather than a car.
Switching from a car to a motorcycle, scooter or electric bike is an
easy way for people to reduce congestion, greenhouse emissions and save
money on fuel.
TWMVs make more efficient use of fuel, road space and parking space than
a single occupant car and can play a part in the campaign to reduce
congestion and climate change.
When driven below the speed limit TWMVs also pose less of a safety risk
to other road users than cars, trucks and buses due to their weight.
TWMVs are a more affordable transport option than driving a single
occupant car, and will also help preserve oil reserves for essential
agricultural, medical and transport uses.
All levels of Government should be doing more to encourage people to
switch from their car to TWMVs.
Proposed strategies
More free parking spaces for TWMVs at activity centres and public
transport nodes. Parking must be safe, conveniently located and ensure
pedestrian, wheelchair and cyclist access is not obstructed. Car parks
should be reclaimed for TWMV parking where possible.
Inclusion of two-wheeled motor vehicles in National Road Transport
policies
Reduction in registration fees for TWMVs
Provision of TWMV-only lanes on key arterial roads
Exemption from tolls on tolled roads and infrastructure for TWMVs
Mandatory TWMV parking to be included in the construction plans for new
buildings
Integration of TWMVs into the planning for Public Transport projects,
such as park and ride for bikes.
A national standard that restricts the speed of new TWMVs available for
the general public to 120km/hr
Advertising campaigns to encourage people to switch from a car to a
two-wheeled motor vehicle
Government purchase of electric bicycles for use by employees and
citizens
Fuel efficiency, in its basic sense, is the same as
thermal efficiency, meaning the efficiency of a process that
converts chemical potential energy contained in a carrier
fuel into
kinetic energy or
work. Overall fuel efficiency may vary per device, which in turn may
vary per application, and this spectrum of variance is often illustrated
as a continuous
energy profile. Non-transportation applications, such as
industry, benefit from increased fuel efficiency, especially
fossil fuel power plants or industries dealing with combustion, such
as
ammonia production during the
Haber process. The United States Department of Energy and the EPA
maintain a Web site with fuel economy information, including testing
results and frequently asked questions.
In the context of
transportation, "fuel efficiency" more commonly refers to the
energy efficiency of a particular vehicle model, where its
total output (range, or "mileage" [U.S.]) is given as a
ratio of
range units per a unit amount of input fuel (gasoline,
diesel, etc.). This ratio is given in common measures such as "liters
per 100
kilometers" (L/100 km) (common in Europe and Canada or "miles
per gallon"
(mpg)
(prevalent in the USA, UK, and often in Canada, using their respective
gallon measurements) or "kilometres per litre"(kmpl) (prevalent in Asian
countries such as India and Japan). Though the typical output measure is
vehicle range, for certain applications output can also be
measured in terms of weight per range units (freight)
or individual passenger-range (vehicle range / passenger capacity).
This ratio is based on a car's total properties, including its
engine
properties, its body
drag, weight, and
rolling resistance, and as such may vary substantially from the
profile of the engine alone. While the thermal efficiency of
petroleum
engines has improved in recent decades, this does not necessarily
translate into fuel economy of
cars, as people in
developed countries tend to buy bigger and heavier cars (i.e.
SUVs will get less range per unit fuel than an
economy car).
Hybrid vehicle designs use smaller combustion engines as electric
generators to produce greater range per unit fuel than directly powering
the wheels with an engine would, and (proportionally) less
fuel emissions (CO2
grams) than a conventional (combustion engine) vehicle of similar
size and capacity. Energy otherwise wasted in stopping is converted to
electricity and stored in batteries which are then used to drive the
small electric motors. Torque from these motors is very quickly supplied
complementing power from the combustion engine. Fixed cylinder sizes can
thus be designed more efficiently.
"Energy efficiency" is similar to fuel efficiency but the input is
usually in units of energy such as British thermal units (BTU),
megajoules (MJ), gigajoules (GJ), kilocalories (kcal), or kilowatt-hours
(kW·h). The inverse of "energy efficiency" is "energy intensity", or the
amount of input energy required for a unit of output such as
MJ/passenger-km (of passenger transport), BTU/ton-mile (of freight
transport, for long/short/metric tons), GJ/t (for steel production),
BTU/(kW·h) (for electricity generation), or litres/100 km (of vehicle
travel). This last term "litres per 100 km" is also a measure of "fuel
economy" where the input is measured by the amount of fuel and the
output is measured by the
distance travelled. For example:
Fuel economy in automobiles.
Given a heat value of a fuel, it would be trivial to convert from
fuel units (such as litres of gasoline) to energy units (such as MJ) and
conversely. But there are two problems with comparisons made using
energy units:
There are two different heat values for any hydrogen-containing
fuel which can differ by several percent (see below). Which one do
we use for converting fuel to energy?
When comparing transportation energy costs, it must be
remembered that a
kilowatt hour of electric energy may require an amount of fuel
with heating value of 2 or 3 kilowatt hours to produce it.
The specific energy content of a fuel is the heat energy obtained
when a certain quantity is burned (such as a gallon, litre, kilogram).
It is sometimes called the "heat of combustion". There exists two
different values of specific heat energy for the same batch of fuel. One
is the high (or gross) heat of combustion and the other is the low (or
net) heat of combustion. The high value is obtained when, after the
combustion, the water in the "exhaust" is in liquid form. For the low
value, the "exhaust" has all the water in vapor form (steam). Since
water vapor gives up heat energy when it changes from vapor to liquid,
the high value is larger since it includes the latent heat of
vaporization of water. The difference between the high and low values is
significant, about 8 or 9%.
In
thermodynamics, the thermal efficiency ()
is a
dimensionless performance measure of a thermal device such as an
internal combustion engine, a
boiler,
or a
furnace, for example. The input,
,
to the device is
heat, or
the heat-content of a fuel that is consumed. The desired output is
mechanical
work,
,
or heat,
,
or possibly both. Because the input heat normally has a real financial
cost, a memorable, generic definition of thermal efficiency is[1]
When expressed as a percentage, the thermal efficiency must be
between 0% and 100%. Due to inefficiencies such as friction, heat loss,
and other factors, thermal efficiencies are typically much less than
100%. For example, a typical gasoline automobile engine operates at
around 25% thermal efficiency, and a large coal-fueled electrical
generating plant peaks at about 46%.
The largest diesel engine in the world peaks at 51.7%. In a
combined cycle plant, thermal efficiencies are approaching 60%.[2]
The
second law of thermodynamics puts a fundamental limit on the thermal
efficiency of heat engines. Surprisingly[citation
needed], even an ideal, frictionless engine can't
convert anywhere near 100% of its input heat into work. The limiting
factors are the temperature at which the heat enters the engine,
,
and the temperature of the environment into which the engine exhausts
its waste heat,,
measured in the absolute
Kelvin
or
Rankine scale. From
Carnot's theorem, for any engine working between these two
temperatures:
This limiting value is called the Carnot cycle efficiency
because it is the efficiency of an unattainable, ideal, lossless (reversible)
engine cycle called the
Carnot cycle. No heat engine, regardless of its construction, can
exceed this efficiency.
Examples of
are the temperature of hot steam entering the turbine of a steam power
plant, or the temperature at which the fuel burns in an internal
combustion engine.