The Eastern '08 Traildigger BMX bike proves that great things do come in small packages, this bike features a strong and fast frame to make this a bike that can hang with the big boys.
Hi-ten frame and fork
1-piece CroMoly cranks with loose ball American bottom bracket
The Bar-Bados LT is Phil Aller´s midlevel signature bike for Street/Dirt/Park, this versatile bike features many pro level parts like KHE Reverse freecoaster, KHE Astral hub, Halflink chain or MAC folding tires.
Ready for a fast and agile cross country bike? The Yeti ASR Alloy linefits the bill, these are lightweight bikes that provides excellentresponse even during those leg burning climbs when you have to get outof the saddle to get to the top. The ASR Alloy is a race ready bike foranyone who wants to beat their buddies to the top of hill and competein races without busting the bank on a carbon bike.
The Yeti ASR Alloy Race is a bike that is built to last featuring Shimanos strong and durable XT components with an XTR Shadow rear derailleur to round out a killer drivetrain.
Yeti pure tube set
Enduro max sealed bearings
3.89" of rear wheel travel
2.35" max tire size
160mm max rotor
Rear shock: 1.5" stroke, 6.5" eye to eye
Fox F100 RLC 100 mm travel fork
Fox RP23 rear shock
Cane Creek S-3 headset
Shimano XT 44-32-22 crankset
Shimano XT front and XTR rear(shadow) derailleurs with XT shifters
Shimano XT 11-34 cassette
DT 370 hubs laced to DT 455 rimswheelset
Avid Juicy XT hydraulic disc brakes
Easton Monkey Lite handle bar and Thomson X4 stem
Yeti/SDG Ti Fly saddle with Thomson Elite seatpost
Frame Weight: 4.7 lbs(MD)
Yeti ASR Geometry Chart
XXS
XS
SM
MD
LG
Seat Tube Length
14.5"
17.3"
18.4"
19.0"
21.3"
Top Tube Length
20.0"
21.0"
22.4"
23.4"
24.4"
Head Tube Angle
69
69
69
69
69
Seat Tube Angle
74
74
73
73
73
Chainstay Length
16.9"
16.9"
16.9"
16.9"
16.9"
Wheelbase
40.2"
41.3"
42.5"
43.5"
44.6"
BB Drop
12.25"
12.25"
12.75"
12.75"
12.75"
Standover
26.9"
27.4"
27.9"
27.9"
27.9"
Head Tube Length
3.25"
4"
4"
4.5"
5.25"
NOTE: All measurements in inches. XXS-XS: 80mm Fork, ride height 451.0 mm. SM-LG: 100mm Fork, rdie height 471.0 mm NOTE: Image is for display purposes only, components are as listed above
The Yeti's ASR Carbon line of bikes are quick and agile cross country bike, that are both strong and lightweight. They features a full carbon frame that providesexcellent response when you need to get out of the saddle and pedal. TheYeti ASR Carbon line features an integrated seatpost which helps to increase the stiffness of the frame while helping to make each pedal stroke more efficient.
The ASR Carbon XTR is a strong bike that features a quality build that features lightweight yet strong Shimano XTR components and a Fox suspension system.
Full Carbon Frameset with integrated seat post
Enduro max sealed bearings
3.89" of rear wheel travel
2.35" max tire size
160mm max rotor
Rear shock: 1.5" stroke, 6.5" eye to eye
Fox F100 RLC 100 mm travel fork
Fox RP23 rear shock
Chris King headset
Shimano XTR 44-32-22 crankset
Shimano XTR front and XTR rear(shadow) derailleurs with XT shifters
Shimano XTR 11-34 cassette
Shimano XTR Wheelset
Shimano XTR Hydraulic disc brakes
Maxxis Crossmark 2.1 tires
Easton Monkey Lite handle bar
Thomson X4 stem
Yeti/SDG Ti Fly saddle
Frame Weight: 4.25 lbs(MD)
Yeti ASR Geometry Chart
SM
MD
LG
Seat Tube Length
27.6"
28.3"
30.7"
Top Tube Length
22.4"
23.4"
24.4"
Head Tube Angle
69
69
69
Seat Tube Angle
73
73
73
Chainstay Length
16.9"
16.9"
16.9
Wheelbase
42.5"
43.5"
44.6"
BB Drop
12.75"
12.75"
12.75"
Standover
27.4"
27.4"
27.7"
Head Tube Length
4"
4.5"
5.25"
NOTE: All measurements in inches. 100mm Fork, ride height 471.0 mm NOTE: Image is for display purposes only, components are as listed above
Allbikes come with JenonUSA's complementary Free Pro Build Service, pleaseallow 3 business days for your bike to be assembled, inspected andpacked before shipping.
The2008 Yeti 575 Race is a lightweight bike that features smoothhandling and 140m of front and rear travel, helping you pick the line youwant to take up or down the mountain. The 575's construction helps to make it an All Mountain bike that climbs with the cross-country bikes and descends with the downhill bikes.
Yeti Pure Tubeset and Aluminum Frame with 5.75" rear travel
Fox FLOAT 140 RLC 140mm travel fork
Fox RP23 rear shock
Cane Creek S-3 Headset
Shimano XT front and Shadow rear derailleurs
Shimano XT 44-32-22 crankset
Shmano XT 11-34 cassette
DT 370 QR Hubs laced to DT 540 rims with Maxxis Minion 2.35 ST tires
Shimano XT Disc brakes
Easton Monkey Lite handlebar on a Thomson X4 stem
Yeti/SDG Ti FLy saddle on a Thomson X4 seatpost
Enduro max sealed bearings
Fits 34.9mm clamp size front derailleurs
73mm shell bottom bracket with 113mm spindle
30.9mm seatpost
Rear Shock 2" stroke, 7.875" eye to eye
160-200mm rotor
Maximum tire size 2.5"
NOTE: All measurements in inches. 140mm Fork ride height 511.0mm. NOTE: Image is for display purposes only, components are as listed above
Allbikes come with JenonUSA's complementary Free Pro Build Service, pleaseallow 3 business days for your bike to be assembled, inspected andpacked before shipping.
Please allow 2- 3 business days for completion of Pro build and shipment of bike.
The2008 Yeti 575 Race 20 is a lightweight bike that features smoothhandling and 160m of front and 140mm ofrear travel, helping you pick the lineyouwant to take up or down the mountain. The 575's construction helps tomake it an All Mountain bike that climbs with the cross-country bikesand descends with the downhill bikes.
Yeti Pure Tubeset and Aluminum Frame with 5.75" rear travel
Fox FLOAT 36 RC2 160mm travel fork
Fox DHX Air 5.0 rear shock
Cane Creek S-3 Headset
Shimano XT front and Shadow rear derailleurs
Shimano XT 44-32-22 crankset
Shimano XT 11-34 cassette
DT 370 20mm thru axle Hubs laced to DT 540 rims with Maxxis Minion 2.35 ST tires
Shimano XT Disc brakes
Easton Monkey Lite handlebar on a Thomson X4 stem
Yeti/SDG Ti FLy saddle on a Thomson X4 seatpost
Enduro max sealed bearings
Fits 34.9mm clamp size front derailleurs
73mm shell bottom bracket with 113mm spindle
30.9mm seatpost
Rear Shock 2" stroke, 7.875" eye to eye
160-200mm rotor
Maximum tire size 2.5"
NOTE: All measurements in inches. 140mm Fork ride height 511.0mm. NOTE: Image is for display purposes only, components are as listed above
Allbikes come with JenonUSA's complementary Free Pro Build Service, pleaseallow 3 business days for your bike to be assembled, inspected andpacked before shipping.
Price: 4299.00
The 2008 Yeti 575 Carbon Enduro Race is a lightweight bike that features carbon fiber swingarm that helps to provide smooth handling with 140m of front and rear travel, helping you pick the line you want to take up or down the mountain. The 575's construction helps tomake it an All Mountain bike that climbs with the cross-country bikesand descends with the downhill bikes.
Yeti Pure Tubeset and Aluminum Frame with 5.75" rear travel
Fox Vanilla 140 RL 140mm travel fork
Fox RP23 rear shock
Cane Creek S-3 Headset
Shimano XT front and Shadow rear derailleurs
Shimano Hone 44-32-22 crankset
Shmano XT 11-34 cassette
Mavic Crossride with Maxxis Minion 2.35 ST tires
Avid Juicy 5 Disc brakes
Easton Monkey Lite handlebar on a Thomson X4 stem
Yeti/SDG Ti FLy saddle on a Thomson X4 seatpost
Enduro max sealed bearings
Fits 34.9mm clamp size front derailleurs
73mm shell bottom bracket with 113mm spindle
30.9mm seatpost
Rear Shock 2" stroke, 7.875" eye to eye
160-200mm rotor
Maximum tire size 2.5"
NOTE: All measurements in inches. 140mm Fork ride height 511.0mm. NOTE: Image is for display purposes only, components are as listed above
Allbikes come with JenonUSA's complementary Free Pro Build Service, pleaseallow 3 business days for your bike to be assembled, inspected andpacked before shipping.
Price: 3199.00
The2008 Yeti 575 Carbon Race uses a lightweight carbon swingarm that helps to provide smooth out the trail with 140m of front and rear travel, allowing you to ride the lineyouwant to take up or down the mountain. The 575's construction helps tomake it an All Mountain bike that climbs with the cross-country bikesand descends with the downhill bikes.
Yeti Pure Tubeset and Aluminum Frame with 5.75" rear travel
Carbon Fiber Swingarm
Fox FLOAT 140 RLC 140mm travel fork
Fox RP23 rear shock
Cane Creek S-3 Headset
Shimano XT front and Shadow rear derailleurs
Shimano XT 44-32-22 carnkset
Shmano XT 11-34 cassette
DT 370 QR Hubs laced to DT 540 rims with Maxxis Minion 2.35 ST tires
Shimano XT Disc brakes
Easton Monkey Lite handlebar on a Thomson X4 stem
Yeti/SDG Ti FLy saddle on a Thomson X4 seatpost
Enduro max sealed bearings
Fits 34.9mm clamp size front derailleurs
73mm shell bottom bracket with 113mm spindle
30.9mm seatpost
Rear Shock 2" stroke, 7.875" eye to eye
160-200mm rotor
Maximum tire size 2.5"
NOTE: All measurements in inches. 140mm Fork ride height 511.0mm. NOTE: Image is for display purposes only, components are as listed above
Allbikes come with JenonUSA's complementary Free Pro Build Service, pleaseallow 3 business days for your bike to be assembled, inspected andpacked before shipping.
Price: 3799.00
Please allow 3 business days for completion of Pro build and shipment of bike.
The2008 Yeti 575 CarbonXTR is a lightweight bike that features a Carbon Fiber swingarm and a full XTR components list while providing smoothhandling and 140m of front and rear travel, helping you pick the lineyouwant to take up or down the mountain. The 575's construction helps tomake it an All Mountain bike that climbs with the cross-country bikesand descends with the downhill bikes.
Yeti Pure Tubeset and Aluminum Frame with 5.75" rear travel
Carbon Fiber Swingarm
Fox FLOAT 32 RLC 140mm travel fork
Fox RP23 rear shock
Chris King Headset
Shimano XTR front and XTR Shadow rear derailleurs
Shimano XTR 44-32-22 crankset
Shimano XTR 11-34 cassette
Shimano XTR wheelset with Maxxis Crossmark 2.1 tires
Shimano XTR Disc brakes
Easton Monkey Lite handlebar on a Thomson X4 stem
Yeti/SDG Ti FLy saddle on a Thomson X4 seatpost
Enduro max sealed bearings
Fits 34.9mm clamp size front derailleurs
73mm shell bottom bracket with 113mm spindle
30.9mm seatpost
Rear Shock 2" stroke, 7.875" eye to eye
160-200mm rotor
Maximum tire size 2.5"
NOTE: All measurements in inches. 140mm Fork ride height 511.0mm. NOTE: Image is for display purposes only, components are as listed above
Allbikes come with JenonUSA's complementary Free Pro Build Service, pleaseallow 3 business days for your bike to be assembled, inspected andpacked before shipping.
The Yeti ARC-X is a smooth and stable cyclocross bike that features a unique top tube design that allows you to comfortably shoulder the bike and get over any obstacle with ease.
Yeti custom butted and tapered tubeset
Unique top tube design allows for comfortable shouldering of the bike
Asymmetrical chain stay allows for increased chain clearance and larger tires
Yeti looptail rear triangle improves comfort and stability
Frame weight 3.2 lbs
Easton EC 90-X fork with Cane Creek S-2 headset
Shimano cantilever BR-550 brakes
Shimano Ultegra front and rear derailleurs
Shimano Ultegra crankset with 105(50x39) crankset
Easton EA 70 stem with Ergo 44cm drop handlebar
Easton EA 70 seatpost with SDG Ti-Fly saddle
Easton Vista Wheelset
Shimano 105 Shift/Brake levers with Tektro top-mount brake secondary levers
Maxxis Raze cross tires
Yeti ARC-X
SM
MD
LG
XL
Center of BB to Top of Seat Tube
19.3"
20.5"
22.0"
23.6"
Effective Top Tube Length
20.7"
21.3"
22.0"
23.4"
Head Tube Angle
71
71.5
72
72.5
Seat Tube Angle
74
73.5
73
72.5
Chainstay Length
16.9"
16.9"
16.9"
16.9"
Wheelbase
39.7"
40.0"
40.4"
41.3"
Bottom Bracket Drop
11.3"
11.3"
11.3"
11.3"
Standover Height
30.3"
31.5"
32.7"
33.9"
Headtube Length
4.7"
5.9"
6.7"
7.5"
All measurments in inches
Allbikes come with JenonUSA's complementary Free Pro Build Service, pleaseallow 3 business days for your bike to be assembled, inspected andpacked before shipping.
The Dakar XC Pro is a light and agile bike that just begs to go fast and climbs like a rocket with a quality Fox Racing suspension that will keep your glued to the terrain.
Kinesium alloy main triangle, carbon fiber seatstays and bell crank, 7005 chainstay
90mm of travel with a Fox Float RP3 rear shock
Fox FX 100mm travel fork with inertia valve
Mavic CrossMax Disc SL Wheelset
SRAM X0 rear and X-Gen front derailleurs
SRAM PowerGlid 990 11-34 9-speed cassette
TruVative Stylo Team Carbon crankset 44/32/22
TruVative Giga-X external bearing bottom bracket
CrankBrothers Candy C clipless pedals
TruVativ XR riser bar and stem
Fizik Gobi saddle with TruVativ XR double clamp seatpost
2006 Jamis Dakar XC Pro
13"
15"
17"
Center of Bottom Bracket to Top Top Tube
316
338
404
Effective Top Tube Length
536
560
581
Head Tube Angle
71
71
71
Seat Tube Angle
74.5
74.5
74
Chainstay
425
425
425
Wheelbase
1027
1050
1067
Fork Rake
38
38
38
Bottom Bracket Height
310
310
310
Headtube Length
115
115
125
Standover Height
695
725
771
All measurements in millimeters
Allbikes come with JenonUSA's complementary Free Pro Build Service, pleaseallow 3 business days for your bike to be assembled, inspected andpacked before shipping.
Price: 1899.00
The2008 Yeti 575 Enduro Race is a lightweight bike that provides smooth handling with 140mmof front and rear travel, helping you pick the line you want to take upor down the mountain. The 575's construction helps tomake it an All Mountain bike that climbs with the cross-country bikesand descends with the downhill bikes.
Yeti Pure Tubeset and Aluminum Frame with 5.75" rear travel
Fox Vanilla 140 RL 140mm travel fork
Fox RP23 rear shock
Cane Creek S-3 Headset
Shimano XT front and Shadow rear derailleurs
Shimano Hone 44-32-22 crankset
Shmano XT 11-34 cassette
Mavic Crossride with Maxxis Minion 2.35 ST tires
Avid Juicy 5 Disc brakes
Easton Monkey Lite handlebar on a Thomson X4 stem
Yeti/SDG Ti FLy saddle on a Thomson X4 seatpost
Enduro max sealed bearings
Fits 34.9mm clamp size front derailleurs
73mm shell bottom bracket with 113mm spindle
30.9mm seatpost
Rear Shock 2" stroke, 7.875" eye to eye
160-200mm rotor
Maximum tire size 2.5"
NOTE: All measurements in inches. 140mm Fork ride height 511.0mm. NOTE: Image is for display purposes only, components are as listed above
Allbikes come with JenonUSA's complementary Free Pro Build Service, pleaseallow 3 business days for your bike to be assembled, inspected andpacked before shipping.
Price: 3099.00
The '08 Mongoose EC-D bike was designed by legendary racer Eric Carter, this is a downhill bike that can handle whatever lays in front of it with over 200mm of travel to soak up whatever you throw in front of your tires. The EC-D comes with a strong components list that helps to make this a bombproof downhill bike that is still quick and agile.
FreeDrive Downhill frame with 7.3-8.4" (189-214 mm) travel 150x12 mm, Rock Shox Maxle Dropout
RockShox Boxxer Team 203 mm travel fork with Motion Control damping with external low and high speed compression and rebound adjust
RockShox Vivid 5.1ST coil over rear shock with piggy back, with external adjustment for beginning and ending rebound, low speed compression, and Drop Stop (9.5x3.0")
TruVativ Holzfeller 38T alloy ring crankset, Howitzer Team external bearing bottom bracket
Sun MTX Black 32H rims laced to Sun Ringle Jumping Flea thru axle front hub with DT Swiss Champion 14 ga
Sun MTX Black 32H rims laced to Sun Ringle Abbah SOS 150x12 thru axle rear hub with DT Swiss Champion 14 ga
Avid Juicy 7 hydraulic disc brakes with 8" rotors
Funn Full-On triple butted 7075AL, 30 mm rise, 25.4 mm handlebar on a Funn RSX Boxxer direct mount stem, 25.4 bore
SDG Bel Air Super Tough saddle on a SDG I-Beam 2014 alloy post
2008 Mongoose EC-D
SM
MD
LG
Head Tube Angle
64.5
64.5
64.5
Seat Tube Angle
66
66
66
Horizontal Top Tube Length
585
612
635
Seat Tube Length
430
430
430
Chainstay Length
447.5
447.5
447.5
Standover Height
775.1
771.7
770
Head Tube Length
130
130
130
Bottom Bracket Height
355.6
355.6
355.6
Wheelbase
1108
1135
1157.9
All measurments in millimeters
Allbikes come with JenonUSA's complementary Free Pro Build Service, pleaseallow 3 business days for your bike to be assembled, inspected andpacked before shipping.
The Teocali line of bikes are for those riders who like to conquer the entire mountain from that killer climb to the flowing singletrack descents this smooth pedaling all mountain bike can help you ride the entire mountain. The Teocali Elite is a strong and agile all mountain bike that will get you to the top of the mountain, and can get back down to the bottom with no problem.
FreeDrive All Mountain frame with 149 mm of rear wheel travel
Fox Float RP-2 (7.875x2.25) Air Spring rear shock with 2 position ProPedal
Marzocchi XC600 TST-2 fork 140mm, Air Spring, Alloy steerer, crown and 32mm stanchions
Shimano M542 Hollowtech II crankset 22/32/44
Crankbrothers Smarty clipless pedals
SRAM X.9 rear, Shiamno Deore front derailleurs with SRAM X.7 Impulse trigger shifters
SRAM PG-950 cassette 11-34t
WTB Speed Disc All Mountain rims laced to WTB hubs, 20mm front
Hayes Stroker Trail V7 hydraulic disc brakes, 180 mm front, 160 mm rear rotor
Easton EA30 Lo Rise handlebar, 31.8 mm
Easton EA30 stem
WTB Pure V Saddle
M-Logo alloy seatpost with double bolt integral head
SRAM Matchmaker shifter mount
2008 Mongoose Teocali Elite
SM
MD
LG
Head Tube Angle
69
69
69
Seat Tube Angle
71.5
71.5
71.5
Horizontal Top Tube Length
560
584.2
610
Seat Tube Length
420
457
508
Chainstay Length
434.3
434.3
434.3
Standover Height
715.9
745.6
783.6
Head Tube Length
115
132
150
Bottom Bracket Height
338
338
338
Fork Offset
39
39
39
Wheelbase
1063.9
1089
1115.5
All Measurements in millimeters
All bikes come with JenonUSA'scomplementary Free Pro Build Service, please allow 3 business days foryour bike to be assembled, inspected and packed before shipping.
The Teocali line of bikes are for those riders who like to conquer the entire mountain from that killer climb to the flowing singletrack descents this smooth pedaling all mountain bike can help you ride the entire mountain. The Teocali Comp is a bike that can get you up the mountain and back down with equal ability, but the comp model manages to do this with a budget friendly price.
FreeDrive All Mountain frame 149 mm rear wheel travel
SR Suntour Epicon air rear shock with rebound adjust (7.875x2.25")
SR Suntour Epicon fork 140 mm travel, air spring, magnesium slider, 32 mm alloy stanchion, rebound adjust
Shimano M442 crankset 22/32/44T
Shimano ES25 Octalink bottom bracket
SRAM X-5 long cage rear, Shimano Deore front derailleur
SRAM X-5 Impulse Trigger shifter
SRAM PG950 cassette 11-34t
WTB SpeedDisc All Mountain Rims laced to Formula DC19(front), DC25(rear) hubs
Tektro Auriga Comp disc brakes 180 mm front, 160 mm rear
Mongoose 31.8mm riser handlebar and stem
WTB Classic Cut saddle
2008 Mongoose Teocali Comp
SM
MD
LG
Head Tube Angle
69
69
69
Seat Tube Angle
71.5
71.5
71.5
Horizontal Top Tube Angle
560
584.2
610
Seat Tube Length
420
457
508
Chainstay Length
434.3
434.3
434.3
Standover Height
715.9
745.6
783.6
Headtube Length
115
135
150
Bottom Bracket Height
338
338
338
Fork Offset
39
39
39
Wheelbase
1063.9
1089
1115.5
All measurements in millimeters
Allbikes come with JenonUSA's complementary Free Pro Build Service, pleaseallow 3 business days for your bike to be assembled, inspected andpacked before shipping.
The Mongoose Canaan Team is part of Mongoose's Canaan line of cross country bikes, these bikes are smooth and agile bikes with a strong frame design that helps to provide strong pedaling performance. The Canaan Team is a fast cross country bike that fits in with the race crowd whether your racing a 24 hour event with your frineds or on a team, the Canaan Team and it's strong components group won't let hold you back.
FreeDrive XC/Enduro 3.9" (100 mm) of travel, butted alloy frame
Fox F100RLC fork, 100 mm travel, air spring, rebound, compression, and threshold adjustment
Fox RP23 air spring rear shock, 3 setting ProPedal and no platform setting, rebound adjust
SRAM Noir Team crankset, 2 piece arms, 22/32/44t
Crank Brother Candy C clipless pedals
SRAM X.9 rear, Deore XT front derailleurs
SRAM X.9 Impulse trigger shifters, with Matchmaker Juicy brake mount
SRAM PG-990 cassette 11-32
No Tubes ZTR Olympic Disc Tubeless rims laced to Sun Ringle Dirty Flea Disc hubs
Avid Juicy Ulitmate hydraulic disc brakes with Matchmaker clamp, 160 mm rotors
The Mongoose Canaan Elite is part of Mongoose's Canaan line of cross country bikes, these bikes are smooth and agile bikes with a strong frame design that helps to provide strong pedaling performance. The Canaan Elite is a fast and smooth tracking XC bike that is great whether your out for a ride on your local trails or on the endurance race course, the Elite features an XT components group.
All bikes come with JenonUSA'scomplementary Free Pro Build Service, please allow 3 business days foryour bike to be assembled, inspected and packed before shipping.
The Mongoose Canaan Comp is part of Mongoose's Canaan line of crosscountry bikes, these bikes are smooth and agile bikes with a strongframe design that helps to provide strong pedaling performance. The Canaan Comp features a Shimano components list that helps make this a responsive bike that has room to grow as your riding skills improve.
Hayes Stroker Trail, hydraulic disc brakes, 160 mm rotors
Easton EA30 Lo Rise handlebar
WTB Rocket V Comp saddle
Mongoose Canaan Comp
SM
MD
LG
XL
Head Tube Angle
69.5º
69.5º
69.5º
69.5º
Seat Tube Angle
72º
72º
72º
72º
Horizontal Top Tube Length
572
597
622
648
Seat Tube Legnth
406
457
508
520
Chainstay Length
425
425
425
425
Standover Height
715.1
756.5
797.3
810.1
Head Tube Length
120
130
140
160
Bottom Bracket Height
328
328
328
328
Fork Offset
39
39
39
39
Wheelbase
1063.2
1088.8
1114.2
1141.1
All Measurements in millimeters
All bikes come with JenonUSA'scomplementary Free Pro Build Service, please allow 3 business days foryour bike to be assembled, inspected and packed before shipping.
An automobile or motor car is a
wheeledmotor
vehicle for
transportingpassengers,
which also carries its own
engine or motor. Most definitions of the term specify that automobiles are
designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to
typically have four wheels, and to be constructed principally for the
transport
of people rather than goods.[1]
However, the term "automobile" is far from precise, because there are many types
of vehicles that do similar tasks.
Automobile comes via the
French language, from the
Greek language by combining auto [self] with mobilis [moving];
meaning a vehicle
that moves itself, rather than being pulled or pushed by a separate animal or
another vehicle. The alternative name car is believed to originate from
the Latin word
carrus or carrum [wheeled vehicle], or the
Middle English word carre [cart]
(from
Old North French), and karros; a
Gallicwagon.[2][3]
As of 2002, there were 590 million passenger cars worldwide (roughly one car
per eleven people).[4]
Although
Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is often credited with building the first
self-propelled mechanical vehicle or automobile in about 1769 by adapting an
existing horse-drawn vehicle, this claim is disputed by some, who doubt Cugnot's
three-wheeler ever ran or was stable. Others claim
Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a
Jesuit mission in China, built the first steam-powered vehicle around 1672
which was of small scale and designed as a toy for the Chinese Emperor that was
unable to carry a driver or a passenger, but quite possibly, was the first
working steam-powered vehicle ('auto-mobile').[5][6]
What is not in doubt is that
Richard Trevithick built and demonstrated his Puffing Devil road
locomotive in 1801, believed by many to be the first demonstration of a
steam-powered road vehicle although it was unable to maintain sufficient steam
pressure for long periods, and would have been of little practical use.
François Isaac de Rivaz, a Swiss inventor, designed the first
internal combustion engine, in 1806, which was fueled by a mixture of
hydrogen
and oxygen and
used it to develop the world's first vehicle, albeit rudimentary, to be powered
by such an engine. The design was not very successful, as was the case with
others such as
Samuel Brown,
Samuel
Morey, and
Etienne Lenoir with his
hippomobile, who each produced vehicles (usually adapted carriages or carts)
powered by clumsy internal combustion engines.[8]
In November 1881 French inventor
Gustave Trouvé demonstrated a working three-wheeled automobile that was
powered by electricity. This was at the International Exhibition of Electricity
in Paris.[9]
An automobile powered by his own
four-stroke cycle gasoline engine was built in
Mannheim,
Germany by
Karl Benz in 1885 and granted a
patent in
January of the following year under the auspices of his major company,
Benz & Cie., which was founded in 1883. It was an
integral design, without the adaptation of other existing components and
including several new technological elements to create a new concept. This is
what made it worthy of a patent. He began to sell his production vehicles in
1888.
Community Action for Sustainable Transport - Draft 18.11.2008
This policy uses some strategies first developed by Motorcycling
Australia.
Background
For trips where public transport, walking and cycling are not good
options people should consider using a two-wheeled motor vehicle (TWMV)
rather than a car.
Switching from a car to a motorcycle, scooter or electric bike is an
easy way for people to reduce congestion, greenhouse emissions and save
money on fuel.
TWMVs make more efficient use of fuel, road space and parking space than
a single occupant car and can play a part in the campaign to reduce
congestion and climate change.
When driven below the speed limit TWMVs also pose less of a safety risk
to other road users than cars, trucks and buses due to their weight.
TWMVs are a more affordable transport option than driving a single
occupant car, and will also help preserve oil reserves for essential
agricultural, medical and transport uses.
All levels of Government should be doing more to encourage people to
switch from their car to TWMVs.
Proposed strategies
More free parking spaces for TWMVs at activity centres and public
transport nodes. Parking must be safe, conveniently located and ensure
pedestrian, wheelchair and cyclist access is not obstructed. Car parks
should be reclaimed for TWMV parking where possible.
Inclusion of two-wheeled motor vehicles in National Road Transport
policies
Reduction in registration fees for TWMVs
Provision of TWMV-only lanes on key arterial roads
Exemption from tolls on tolled roads and infrastructure for TWMVs
Mandatory TWMV parking to be included in the construction plans for new
buildings
Integration of TWMVs into the planning for Public Transport projects,
such as park and ride for bikes.
A national standard that restricts the speed of new TWMVs available for
the general public to 120km/hr
Advertising campaigns to encourage people to switch from a car to a
two-wheeled motor vehicle
Government purchase of electric bicycles for use by employees and
citizens
Fuel efficiency, in its basic sense, is the same as
thermal efficiency, meaning the efficiency of a process that
converts chemical potential energy contained in a carrier
fuel into
kinetic energy or
work. Overall fuel efficiency may vary per device, which in turn may
vary per application, and this spectrum of variance is often illustrated
as a continuous
energy profile. Non-transportation applications, such as
industry, benefit from increased fuel efficiency, especially
fossil fuel power plants or industries dealing with combustion, such
as
ammonia production during the
Haber process. The United States Department of Energy and the EPA
maintain a Web site with fuel economy information, including testing
results and frequently asked questions.
In the context of
transportation, "fuel efficiency" more commonly refers to the
energy efficiency of a particular vehicle model, where its
total output (range, or "mileage" [U.S.]) is given as a
ratio of
range units per a unit amount of input fuel (gasoline,
diesel, etc.). This ratio is given in common measures such as "liters
per 100
kilometers" (L/100 km) (common in Europe and Canada or "miles
per gallon"
(mpg)
(prevalent in the USA, UK, and often in Canada, using their respective
gallon measurements) or "kilometres per litre"(kmpl) (prevalent in Asian
countries such as India and Japan). Though the typical output measure is
vehicle range, for certain applications output can also be
measured in terms of weight per range units (freight)
or individual passenger-range (vehicle range / passenger capacity).
This ratio is based on a car's total properties, including its
engine
properties, its body
drag, weight, and
rolling resistance, and as such may vary substantially from the
profile of the engine alone. While the thermal efficiency of
petroleum
engines has improved in recent decades, this does not necessarily
translate into fuel economy of
cars, as people in
developed countries tend to buy bigger and heavier cars (i.e.
SUVs will get less range per unit fuel than an
economy car).
Hybrid vehicle designs use smaller combustion engines as electric
generators to produce greater range per unit fuel than directly powering
the wheels with an engine would, and (proportionally) less
fuel emissions (CO2
grams) than a conventional (combustion engine) vehicle of similar
size and capacity. Energy otherwise wasted in stopping is converted to
electricity and stored in batteries which are then used to drive the
small electric motors. Torque from these motors is very quickly supplied
complementing power from the combustion engine. Fixed cylinder sizes can
thus be designed more efficiently.
"Energy efficiency" is similar to fuel efficiency but the input is
usually in units of energy such as British thermal units (BTU),
megajoules (MJ), gigajoules (GJ), kilocalories (kcal), or kilowatt-hours
(kW·h). The inverse of "energy efficiency" is "energy intensity", or the
amount of input energy required for a unit of output such as
MJ/passenger-km (of passenger transport), BTU/ton-mile (of freight
transport, for long/short/metric tons), GJ/t (for steel production),
BTU/(kW·h) (for electricity generation), or litres/100 km (of vehicle
travel). This last term "litres per 100 km" is also a measure of "fuel
economy" where the input is measured by the amount of fuel and the
output is measured by the
distance travelled. For example:
Fuel economy in automobiles.
Given a heat value of a fuel, it would be trivial to convert from
fuel units (such as litres of gasoline) to energy units (such as MJ) and
conversely. But there are two problems with comparisons made using
energy units:
There are two different heat values for any hydrogen-containing
fuel which can differ by several percent (see below). Which one do
we use for converting fuel to energy?
When comparing transportation energy costs, it must be
remembered that a
kilowatt hour of electric energy may require an amount of fuel
with heating value of 2 or 3 kilowatt hours to produce it.
The specific energy content of a fuel is the heat energy obtained
when a certain quantity is burned (such as a gallon, litre, kilogram).
It is sometimes called the "heat of combustion". There exists two
different values of specific heat energy for the same batch of fuel. One
is the high (or gross) heat of combustion and the other is the low (or
net) heat of combustion. The high value is obtained when, after the
combustion, the water in the "exhaust" is in liquid form. For the low
value, the "exhaust" has all the water in vapor form (steam). Since
water vapor gives up heat energy when it changes from vapor to liquid,
the high value is larger since it includes the latent heat of
vaporization of water. The difference between the high and low values is
significant, about 8 or 9%.
In
thermodynamics, the thermal efficiency ()
is a
dimensionless performance measure of a thermal device such as an
internal combustion engine, a
boiler,
or a
furnace, for example. The input,
,
to the device is
heat, or
the heat-content of a fuel that is consumed. The desired output is
mechanical
work,
,
or heat,
,
or possibly both. Because the input heat normally has a real financial
cost, a memorable, generic definition of thermal efficiency is[1]
When expressed as a percentage, the thermal efficiency must be
between 0% and 100%. Due to inefficiencies such as friction, heat loss,
and other factors, thermal efficiencies are typically much less than
100%. For example, a typical gasoline automobile engine operates at
around 25% thermal efficiency, and a large coal-fueled electrical
generating plant peaks at about 46%.
The largest diesel engine in the world peaks at 51.7%. In a
combined cycle plant, thermal efficiencies are approaching 60%.[2]
The
second law of thermodynamics puts a fundamental limit on the thermal
efficiency of heat engines. Surprisingly[citation
needed], even an ideal, frictionless engine can't
convert anywhere near 100% of its input heat into work. The limiting
factors are the temperature at which the heat enters the engine,
,
and the temperature of the environment into which the engine exhausts
its waste heat,,
measured in the absolute
Kelvin
or
Rankine scale. From
Carnot's theorem, for any engine working between these two
temperatures:
This limiting value is called the Carnot cycle efficiency
because it is the efficiency of an unattainable, ideal, lossless (reversible)
engine cycle called the
Carnot cycle. No heat engine, regardless of its construction, can
exceed this efficiency.
Examples of
are the temperature of hot steam entering the turbine of a steam power
plant, or the temperature at which the fuel burns in an internal
combustion engine.