Please allow 3 business days for us to assemble and box your Steamroller complete bike for shipping.
Sure it's a "track bike", and there's nothing stopping you from taking it out to the velodrome. But it's equally at home in the urban jungle as a messenger, errand bike, or commuter. With a simple fixed gear setup, there's almost nothing that can go wrong, so it's super reliable and durable.
Comes with a Surly cog and lockring, but also with a flip-flop fixed/free rear hub, so you can add your own singlespeed freewheel if you want
Includes a front brake for safety on the open road
Complete and ready to ride with our free pro build - just perform minor re-assembly upon delivery
SPECIFICATIONS 100% Surly 4130 chromoly steel, TIG welded, with butted tubing in the main triangle 100% chromoly lugged and brazed fork Ritchey Logic Comp headset Kalloy forged Stem (with 25.4mm clamp diameter - track bar size!) Aluminum handlebar Tektro R356 front brake/lever Silver Sugino cranks with a single 48T ring, 17T Surly fixed cog SRAM PC-48 chain Wheels feature Surly flip/flop rear hub, Alex DA22 rims, and DT Swiss stainless 14G spokes Maxxis Detonator 700x25c tires/tubes Kalloy seatpost with Surly Constrictor clamp Velo saddle Pedals not included
GEOMETRY
Size
49cm
53cm
56cm
59cm
62cm
Stem Length inches mm
3.1 80.0
3.5 90.0
3.9 100.0
4.3 110.0
4.7 120.0
Stem Angle** degrees
84.0°
84.0°
84.0°
96.0°
96.0°
Hbar Width inches mm
15.3 390.0
16.1 410.0
16.5 420.0
16.9 430.0
17.7 450.0
Crank Length inches mm
6.4 165.0
6.4 165.0
6.4 165.0
6.7 170.0
6.9 170.0
** Stems can be flip-flopped to customize angle
Allbikes come with JenonUSA's complementary Free Pro Build Service, pleaseallow 3 business days for your bike to be assembled, inspected andpacked before shipping.
Price: 720.00
Designed primarily as a road touring bike, but capable of so much more. Long day trips, commuting, a double century, etc. Still handles great, but with a more laid-back geometry than a traditional American road-racing machine for all-day comfort and easy handling.
Designed to be stable at speed, even when fully loaded
Accepts racks, big tires, fenders, etc.
3 bottle mounts (nice to have an extra for a lighting system battery, fuel cannister, etc) plus a spare spoke holder - a must for extended adventures
SPECIFICATIONS 100% Surly 4130 chromoly steel frame and fork, with butted main triangle tubes and a nice lugged/brazed fork Ritchey Logic Comp threadless headset Kalloy 1 1/8" threadless stem Zoom aluminum handlebars with cork wrap Tektro R200A levers and Oryx cantilever brakes for powerful braking under load Shimano 9speed bar-end shifters Shimano Tiagra front derailleur, Shimano XT rear Sugino XD600 triple crank with 26/36/48 rings, Shimano UN53 bottom bracket Pedals not included Kalloy seatpost with Surly constrictor clamp Velo Endzone saddle Wide-range Deore cassette with 11-34 teeth Alex Adventurer 36h rims, laced to Shimano XT hubs with sturdy 14G DT Swiss stainless spokes WTB Slickasaurus tires with presta tubes
GEOMETRY
42 cm
46 cm
50 cm
52 cm
54 cm
56 cm
58 cm
60 cm
62 cm
ST (C-T) Inches mm
16.5 420.0
18.1 460.0
19.7 500.0
20.5 520.0
21.3 540.0
22.0 560.0
22.8 580.0
23.6 600.0
24.4 620.0
TT (C-C) Inches mm
19.4 492.6
20.0 508.3
20.7 525.1
21.1 534.8
21.6 549.5
22.2 564.4
22.8 580.1
23.4 593.8
23.8 603.5
TT (Effec.) Inches mm
19.9 505.0
20.3 515.0
20.9 530.0
21.3 540.0
21.9 555.0
22.4 570.0
23.1 586.0
23.6 600.0
24.0 610.0
HT Angle degrees
70.0°
70.0°
71.0°
71.0°
71.0°
72.0°
72.0°
72.0°
72.0°
ST Angle degrees
75.0°
74.5°
74.0°
73.5°
73.0°
73.0°
72.5°
72.5°
72.0°
BB Drop Inches mm
1.9 47.0
1.9 47.0
1.9 47.0
1.9 47.0
1.9 47.0
3.1 78.0
3.1 78.0
3.1 78.0
3.1 78.0
CS Length Inches mm
18.1 460.0
18.1 460.0
18.1 460.0
18.1 460.0
18.1 460.0
18.1 460.0
18.1 460.0
18.1 460.0
18.1 460.0
Wheel Sizes 26" 700c
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Wheel Base Inches mm
40.8 1036.6
41.1 1042.7
41.2 1046.8
41.5 1053.1
41.9 1064.0
41.6 1055.7
42.0 1066.7
42.6 1080.9
42.7 1085.3
S.O. Height** Inches mm
27.7 703.0
28.5 723.8
29.8 756.9
30.5 775.1
31.2 793.1
32.0 812.2
32.7 830.0
33.5 849.7
34.1 867.3
HT Length Inches mm
4.4 110.7
4.6 116.7
5.7 144.0
6.4 163.0
7.2 182.0
6.0 152.0
6.7 171.0
7.4 189.0
8.3 210.0
FK Length Inches mm
14.8 376.0
14.8 376.0
14.8 376.0
14.8 376.0
14.8 376.0
15.4 390.0
15.4 390.0
15.4 390.0
15.4 390.0
FK Rake Inches mm
1.8 45.0
1.8 45.0
1.8 45.0
1.8 45.0
1.8 45.0
1.8 45.0
1.8 45.0
1.8 45.0
1.8 45.0
**Standover height for the 26" model is based on a Primo Racer 26 x 1.25" tire that measures 628mm in diameter. Standover height for the 700c model is based on a Rivendell (Panaracer) Ruffy Tuffy 700 x 28 (actually closer in size to 700 x 32) tire that measures 690mm in diameter
Size
42cm
46cm
50cm
52cm
54cm
56cm
58cm
60cm
62cm
Stem Length inches mm
2.75 70.0
3.1 80.0
3.1 80.0
3.5 90.0
3.9 100.0
3.9 100.0
4.3 110.0
4.7 120.0
4.7 120.0
Stem Angle** degrees
84.0°
84.0°
84.0°
96.0°
96.0°
96.0°
96.0°
96.0°
96.0°
Hbar Width inches mm
15.3 390.0
15.3 390.0
16.1 410.0
16.1 410.0
16.5 420.0
16.5 420.0
16.9 430.0
16.9 430.0
17.7 450.0
Crank Length inches mm
6.7 170.0
6.7 170.0
6.7 170.0
6.7 170.0
6.9 175.0
6.9 175.0
6.9 175.0
6.9 175.0
6.9 175.0
** Stems can be flip-flopped to customize angle
Allbikes come with JenonUSA's complementary Free Pro Build Service, pleaseallow 3 business days for your bike to be assembled, inspected andpacked before shipping.
Thisitem is not permitted to be shipped, however it can be purchased online or by phoneand picked up at your convenience. We will notify you when your orderis ready to be picked up.
The Rocky Mountain Element 30 is a cross country racing machine it islightweight, agile, and fast. With it's 3D-Link suspension system therear shock is not a structural member. This makes the Element trackstraight and lose nothing to flex due to increased lateral stiffness.Add to this the custom valved Fox Float RP23 shock and all of yourenergy will be directed into the drivetrain and not the suspension. All of this adds up to a cross country bike that performs at a highlevel.
The Rocky Mountain Flow 1 is designed for jumping whether it is in a dirt or urban setting. The Flow features S-bend rectangular stays, horizontal drop-outs, and dirt jump specific geometry for maximum standover height and aerial maneuverability.
Features:
100mm Marzocchi Dirt Jumper 4 with mechanical preload
Intermediate to advanced unicyclists will appreciate the Torker Unistar DX's feature list. With a 4130 chromoly frame, it can accomodate up to 3" tires.
HD Splined hubs, hollow chromoly crank arms
Alloy platform pedals
Doublewall 48 spoke rims laced with stainless spokes
The Surly Cross-Check is a strong cyclocross bike that is quick, agile and fun to ride no matter where you ride it.
Fork: Surly Cross-Check
Headset: Ritchey Logic Comp
Stem: Tohoma, Forged
Handlebar: Salsa MotoAce Bell Lap
Brakes: Tektro Cantilever
Brake Lever: Shimano BL-400
Front Derailleur: Shimano Tiagra FD-4400, Double
Rear Derailleur: Shimano Tiagra, GS
Shift Levers: Shimano Ultegra Bar End
Cassette: Shimano HG-5
Chain: Shimano HG-73
Crankset: Cyclone
Chainrings: Andel, 36/48t
Bottom Bracket: Shimano UN-53, 68 x 113mm
Wheels: Shimano Deore M510 w/ Alex DV15
Tires: Ritchey SpeedMax Cross, 32mm
Saddle: Velo Endzone
Seat Post: Kalloy Uno
Seat Binder: Surly Constrictor
SPECS / Cross-Check Frameset
Tubing:
100% Surly 4130 cro-moly steel. Double-butted main triangle. TIG-welded
Rear Dropouts:
Semi-horizontal w/adjusters give you single-speed compatibility and wheel base adjustability. Our Gnot-Rite spacing (132.5mm) allows either 130mm road or 135mm MTB hubs
Braze-ons:
Bosses front and rear to take cantilever or linear-pull brakes, eyelets at the dropouts, rear rack bosses and dual water bottle mounts, downtube shifter bosses
Seatpost diameter:
27.2mm
Seatpost clamp diameter:
30.0mm. Surly Constrictor™ included
Headset:
1-1/8" threadless
Bottom bracket:
68mm wide, standard English threaded 1.37x24t
Tire Clearance:
Fatties Fit Fine™ (FFF) stays and our beautiful slope-crowned custom fork provide room for tires up to 700x45 with mud and fender clearance. For real!
Chainring Clearance:
Manipulated so you can fit pretty much whatever size rings you want. Go nuts
Color:
Dark Green Metallic or Gloss Black
Weight:
60cm = 24.55 lbs(11.1 kg)
Fork - uncut = 2.19 lbs. (.99 kg)
Size
42cm
46cm
50cm
52cm
54cm
56cm
58cm
60cm
62cm
Stem Length inches mm
2.0 50.0
3.1 80.0
3.1 80.0
4.1 105.0
4.1 105.0
4.1 105.0
4.7 120.0
4.7 120.0
--
Stem Angle** degrees
84.0°
84.0°
84.0°
96.0°
96.0°
96.0°
96.0°
96.0°
--
Hbar Width inches mm
15.7 400.0
15.7 400.0
16.5 420.0
16.5 420.0
17.3 440.0
17.3 440.0
17.3 440.0
18.1 460.0
--
Crank Length inches mm
6.7 170.0
6.7 170.0
6.7 170.0
6.7 170.0
6.9 175.0
6.9 175.0
6.9 175.0
6.9 175.0
--
** Stems can be flip-flopped to customize angle
MEASUREMENTS / Measurements Key
42 cm
46 cm
50 cm
52 cm
54 cm
56 cm
58 cm
60 cm
62 cm
ST (C-T) Inches mm
16.5 420.0
18.1 460.0
19.7 500.0
20.5 520.0
21.3 540.0
22.0 560.0
22.8 580.0
23.6 600.0
24.4 620.0
TT (C-C) Inches mm
19.9 505.0
20.3 515.0
21.1 535.0
21.5 545.0
22.0 560.0
22.4 570.0
22.8 580.0
23.6 600.0
24.0 610.1
TT (Effec.) Inches mm
20.6 522.0
20.8 528.8
21.3 541.8
21.5 547.1
22.0 560.0
22.4 570.0
22.8 580.0
23.6 600.0
24.0 610.1
HT Angle degrees
72.0°
72.0°
72.0°
72.0°
72.0°
72.0°
72.0°
72.0°
72.0°
ST Angle degrees
75.0°
74.5°
74.0°
73.5°
73.0°
72.5°
72.5°
72.0°
72.0°
BB Drop Inches mm
2.6 66.0
2.6 66.0
2.6 66.0
2.6 66.0
2.6 66.0
2.6 66.0
2.6 66.0
2.6 66.0
2.6 66.0
CS Length Inches mm
16.5 420.0
16.5 420.0
16.7 425.0
16.7 425.0
16.7 425.0
16.7 425.0
16.7 425.0
16.7 425.0
16.7 425.0
Wheel Base Inches mm
39.0 989.9
39.1 991.9
39.6 1005.3
39.6 1006.0
39.9 1014.4
40.1 1019.8
40.6 1030.0
41.1 1044.8
41.5 1054.7
S.O. Height* Inches mm
28.8 731.9
29.6 750.7
30.3 769.4
30.6 778.4
31.2 793.0
31.9 810.7
32.7 829.9
33.4 847.4
34.1 866.2
HT Length Inches mm
3.6 91.0
3.6 91.0
3.6 91.0
3.6 91.0
4.0 102.0
4.8 121.0
5.6 141.0
6.3 160.0
7.1 180.0
FK Length Inches mm
15.7 400.0
15.7 400.0
15.7 400.0
15.7 400.0
15.7 400.0
15.7 400.0
15.7 400.0
15.7 400.0
15.7 400.0
FK Rake Inches mm
1.7 44.0
1.7 44.0
1.7 44.0
1.7 44.0
1.7 44.0
1.7 44.0
1.7 44.0
1.7 44.0
1.7 44.0
Weight lbs.
4.45
4.45
4.45
4.57
4.65
4.73
4.74
4.88
5.29
*Measurements use tire with 685 mm outer diameter (Ritchey™ 700c x 30 SpeedMax™), and taken from middle of top-tube to level ground.
Allbikes come with JenonUSA's complementary Free Pro Build Service, pleaseallow 3 business days for your bike to be assembled, inspected andpacked before shipping.
The Art of Wheelbuilding by Gerd Schraner is an excellent book if you're thinking of having a go at building your own set of bike wheels, this book will work for a road bike or a mountain bike wheel build. It's very easy to follow, and simplifies the topics without missing out any important steps.
Covers everything from choice of components, right through to the different methods of spoking and truing the completed wheel
Covers how the individual components are manufactured, and has information on the tools (both basic and complex) that are required or desirable for wheel building
Co-authored by World Champion Brian Lopes, this guide offers detailed instruction for all disciplines: XC, DH, Urban, and more. Lopes has one of the best reputations in the world for bike handling skills, and this guide is sure to improve yours as well.
Park Tool's "Big Blue Book of Bike Repair" comes to us from Calvin Jones, Education Director at Park Tool. It's an easy to follow, step-by-step guide for keeping any road or mountain bike running smoothly.
Covers just about every maintainence and repair topic, including tire repair, derailleur adjustment, wheel truing, bottom bracket replacement, etc.
Suitable for all levels, novice to advanced
Includes special topics like tool selection, bike cleaning, and on-trail repairs
Bicycling Magazine's "Bicycle Maintenance and Repair" has been a top seller for years. Now it's been thoroughly updated and revised to incorporate the most up-to-date gear, accessories, and repair methods. With a fresh new design, this handy reference will help cyclists tune, maintain, and repair their key companions: their bikes.
In this book, master framebuilder and technical guru Leonard Zinn delivers a refreshingly straightforward treatment of mountain bike maintenance. Exploded diagrams and easy to follow instructions escort the reader through everything from flat repair to wheelbuilding with the same level of care. Revised in 2001 to cover today’s modern components.
Price: 19.75
An automobile or motor car is a
wheeledmotor
vehicle for
transportingpassengers,
which also carries its own
engine or motor. Most definitions of the term specify that automobiles are
designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to
typically have four wheels, and to be constructed principally for the
transport
of people rather than goods.[1]
However, the term "automobile" is far from precise, because there are many types
of vehicles that do similar tasks.
Automobile comes via the
French language, from the
Greek language by combining auto [self] with mobilis [moving];
meaning a vehicle
that moves itself, rather than being pulled or pushed by a separate animal or
another vehicle. The alternative name car is believed to originate from
the Latin word
carrus or carrum [wheeled vehicle], or the
Middle English word carre [cart]
(from
Old North French), and karros; a
Gallicwagon.[2][3]
As of 2002, there were 590 million passenger cars worldwide (roughly one car
per eleven people).[4]
Although
Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is often credited with building the first
self-propelled mechanical vehicle or automobile in about 1769 by adapting an
existing horse-drawn vehicle, this claim is disputed by some, who doubt Cugnot's
three-wheeler ever ran or was stable. Others claim
Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a
Jesuit mission in China, built the first steam-powered vehicle around 1672
which was of small scale and designed as a toy for the Chinese Emperor that was
unable to carry a driver or a passenger, but quite possibly, was the first
working steam-powered vehicle ('auto-mobile').[5][6]
What is not in doubt is that
Richard Trevithick built and demonstrated his Puffing Devil road
locomotive in 1801, believed by many to be the first demonstration of a
steam-powered road vehicle although it was unable to maintain sufficient steam
pressure for long periods, and would have been of little practical use.
François Isaac de Rivaz, a Swiss inventor, designed the first
internal combustion engine, in 1806, which was fueled by a mixture of
hydrogen
and oxygen and
used it to develop the world's first vehicle, albeit rudimentary, to be powered
by such an engine. The design was not very successful, as was the case with
others such as
Samuel Brown,
Samuel
Morey, and
Etienne Lenoir with his
hippomobile, who each produced vehicles (usually adapted carriages or carts)
powered by clumsy internal combustion engines.[8]
In November 1881 French inventor
Gustave Trouvé demonstrated a working three-wheeled automobile that was
powered by electricity. This was at the International Exhibition of Electricity
in Paris.[9]
An automobile powered by his own
four-stroke cycle gasoline engine was built in
Mannheim,
Germany by
Karl Benz in 1885 and granted a
patent in
January of the following year under the auspices of his major company,
Benz & Cie., which was founded in 1883. It was an
integral design, without the adaptation of other existing components and
including several new technological elements to create a new concept. This is
what made it worthy of a patent. He began to sell his production vehicles in
1888.
Community Action for Sustainable Transport - Draft 18.11.2008
This policy uses some strategies first developed by Motorcycling
Australia.
Background
For trips where public transport, walking and cycling are not good
options people should consider using a two-wheeled motor vehicle (TWMV)
rather than a car.
Switching from a car to a motorcycle, scooter or electric bike is an
easy way for people to reduce congestion, greenhouse emissions and save
money on fuel.
TWMVs make more efficient use of fuel, road space and parking space than
a single occupant car and can play a part in the campaign to reduce
congestion and climate change.
When driven below the speed limit TWMVs also pose less of a safety risk
to other road users than cars, trucks and buses due to their weight.
TWMVs are a more affordable transport option than driving a single
occupant car, and will also help preserve oil reserves for essential
agricultural, medical and transport uses.
All levels of Government should be doing more to encourage people to
switch from their car to TWMVs.
Proposed strategies
More free parking spaces for TWMVs at activity centres and public
transport nodes. Parking must be safe, conveniently located and ensure
pedestrian, wheelchair and cyclist access is not obstructed. Car parks
should be reclaimed for TWMV parking where possible.
Inclusion of two-wheeled motor vehicles in National Road Transport
policies
Reduction in registration fees for TWMVs
Provision of TWMV-only lanes on key arterial roads
Exemption from tolls on tolled roads and infrastructure for TWMVs
Mandatory TWMV parking to be included in the construction plans for new
buildings
Integration of TWMVs into the planning for Public Transport projects,
such as park and ride for bikes.
A national standard that restricts the speed of new TWMVs available for
the general public to 120km/hr
Advertising campaigns to encourage people to switch from a car to a
two-wheeled motor vehicle
Government purchase of electric bicycles for use by employees and
citizens
Fuel efficiency, in its basic sense, is the same as
thermal efficiency, meaning the efficiency of a process that
converts chemical potential energy contained in a carrier
fuel into
kinetic energy or
work. Overall fuel efficiency may vary per device, which in turn may
vary per application, and this spectrum of variance is often illustrated
as a continuous
energy profile. Non-transportation applications, such as
industry, benefit from increased fuel efficiency, especially
fossil fuel power plants or industries dealing with combustion, such
as
ammonia production during the
Haber process. The United States Department of Energy and the EPA
maintain a Web site with fuel economy information, including testing
results and frequently asked questions.
In the context of
transportation, "fuel efficiency" more commonly refers to the
energy efficiency of a particular vehicle model, where its
total output (range, or "mileage" [U.S.]) is given as a
ratio of
range units per a unit amount of input fuel (gasoline,
diesel, etc.). This ratio is given in common measures such as "liters
per 100
kilometers" (L/100 km) (common in Europe and Canada or "miles
per gallon"
(mpg)
(prevalent in the USA, UK, and often in Canada, using their respective
gallon measurements) or "kilometres per litre"(kmpl) (prevalent in Asian
countries such as India and Japan). Though the typical output measure is
vehicle range, for certain applications output can also be
measured in terms of weight per range units (freight)
or individual passenger-range (vehicle range / passenger capacity).
This ratio is based on a car's total properties, including its
engine
properties, its body
drag, weight, and
rolling resistance, and as such may vary substantially from the
profile of the engine alone. While the thermal efficiency of
petroleum
engines has improved in recent decades, this does not necessarily
translate into fuel economy of
cars, as people in
developed countries tend to buy bigger and heavier cars (i.e.
SUVs will get less range per unit fuel than an
economy car).
Hybrid vehicle designs use smaller combustion engines as electric
generators to produce greater range per unit fuel than directly powering
the wheels with an engine would, and (proportionally) less
fuel emissions (CO2
grams) than a conventional (combustion engine) vehicle of similar
size and capacity. Energy otherwise wasted in stopping is converted to
electricity and stored in batteries which are then used to drive the
small electric motors. Torque from these motors is very quickly supplied
complementing power from the combustion engine. Fixed cylinder sizes can
thus be designed more efficiently.
"Energy efficiency" is similar to fuel efficiency but the input is
usually in units of energy such as British thermal units (BTU),
megajoules (MJ), gigajoules (GJ), kilocalories (kcal), or kilowatt-hours
(kW·h). The inverse of "energy efficiency" is "energy intensity", or the
amount of input energy required for a unit of output such as
MJ/passenger-km (of passenger transport), BTU/ton-mile (of freight
transport, for long/short/metric tons), GJ/t (for steel production),
BTU/(kW·h) (for electricity generation), or litres/100 km (of vehicle
travel). This last term "litres per 100 km" is also a measure of "fuel
economy" where the input is measured by the amount of fuel and the
output is measured by the
distance travelled. For example:
Fuel economy in automobiles.
Given a heat value of a fuel, it would be trivial to convert from
fuel units (such as litres of gasoline) to energy units (such as MJ) and
conversely. But there are two problems with comparisons made using
energy units:
There are two different heat values for any hydrogen-containing
fuel which can differ by several percent (see below). Which one do
we use for converting fuel to energy?
When comparing transportation energy costs, it must be
remembered that a
kilowatt hour of electric energy may require an amount of fuel
with heating value of 2 or 3 kilowatt hours to produce it.
The specific energy content of a fuel is the heat energy obtained
when a certain quantity is burned (such as a gallon, litre, kilogram).
It is sometimes called the "heat of combustion". There exists two
different values of specific heat energy for the same batch of fuel. One
is the high (or gross) heat of combustion and the other is the low (or
net) heat of combustion. The high value is obtained when, after the
combustion, the water in the "exhaust" is in liquid form. For the low
value, the "exhaust" has all the water in vapor form (steam). Since
water vapor gives up heat energy when it changes from vapor to liquid,
the high value is larger since it includes the latent heat of
vaporization of water. The difference between the high and low values is
significant, about 8 or 9%.
In
thermodynamics, the thermal efficiency ()
is a
dimensionless performance measure of a thermal device such as an
internal combustion engine, a
boiler,
or a
furnace, for example. The input,
,
to the device is
heat, or
the heat-content of a fuel that is consumed. The desired output is
mechanical
work,
,
or heat,
,
or possibly both. Because the input heat normally has a real financial
cost, a memorable, generic definition of thermal efficiency is[1]
When expressed as a percentage, the thermal efficiency must be
between 0% and 100%. Due to inefficiencies such as friction, heat loss,
and other factors, thermal efficiencies are typically much less than
100%. For example, a typical gasoline automobile engine operates at
around 25% thermal efficiency, and a large coal-fueled electrical
generating plant peaks at about 46%.
The largest diesel engine in the world peaks at 51.7%. In a
combined cycle plant, thermal efficiencies are approaching 60%.[2]
The
second law of thermodynamics puts a fundamental limit on the thermal
efficiency of heat engines. Surprisingly[citation
needed], even an ideal, frictionless engine can't
convert anywhere near 100% of its input heat into work. The limiting
factors are the temperature at which the heat enters the engine,
,
and the temperature of the environment into which the engine exhausts
its waste heat,,
measured in the absolute
Kelvin
or
Rankine scale. From
Carnot's theorem, for any engine working between these two
temperatures:
This limiting value is called the Carnot cycle efficiency
because it is the efficiency of an unattainable, ideal, lossless (reversible)
engine cycle called the
Carnot cycle. No heat engine, regardless of its construction, can
exceed this efficiency.
Examples of
are the temperature of hot steam entering the turbine of a steam power
plant, or the temperature at which the fuel burns in an internal
combustion engine.